Relationship Between Obesity and Socioeconomic Demographics

Relationship Between Obesity and Socioeconomic DemographicsChapter atomic number 23 DiscussionThe prevalence as well as the severity of corpulency in juveniles is increasing at an alarming rate, making it one of the near serious wellness problems affecting this grow group. In this study, a core of 161 adolescents (15.6%) were dense and 224 ones(21.6%) were racy.A study conducted by National Health and nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000) showed thatapproximately 30% of adolescents were at run a insecurity for overweight and 14% were severely overweight or cogent (Troiano and Flegal, 1999). In this study, the prevalence of over blueness was 9.1% and fleshiness was 21.8%. A study conducted by Lee ea al. (2006) showed thatthe prevalence of total 555 adolescentboys were over voluptuous (20.4%) and 8.3% were obese. In our study, prevalence of obese adolescents, according to both BMI and total fat, was gamyer than overweightthis could be attributed to high rate of fast food consumption among adolescents 72%. Fraser et al. (2012) conducted a study in the United Kingdom and observed anassociation amidst obese adolescents and fat food consumption. The prevalence of cannon circumferencesninetieth percentile in this study was 9.4%. This is consistent with Spains result, prevalence of waist circumferences90th percentile among adolescents was 11.6% (Schrder et al., 2014).Association mingled with anthropometric measurements and socio-demographic characteristicsIn our study, the BMI was significantly link to family income (p=0.004). About 25.7% of obese adolescents had families whose income was 800 JD after adjusting variables effects of results including age, smoking and physical occupation. Shafaghiet al. (2014) examine the sexual tellingship between BMI and family income, 22.4% of obese adolescents were from families whose income was high.Total fat was significantly associated with adolescents age (p= 0.027). Adolescents time-honored 12 a nd 14 years old were more predictable to have high fat percentage (25.6%) than adolescents aged 15 and 17 years (18.9%).This finding was consistent with Northstoneet al. (2014). In our study, total fat was related to family income significantly (p=0.022). Kubiket al. (2003) conducted a study of 844 students the study showed that students with high family income tended to consume dulcet beverages and high-fat snacks.Region affected significantly total fat among adolescents (p=0.049). The prevalence of obese adolescents were higher in middle subject field than north and south areas that could be attributed to high fast food intake in middle area (48.2%) comparing to north and south areas (35.3% and 16.6%respectively). Limited data to explain relation between body fat content with fathers and begins education.Trunk fat was significantly associated with adolescents age (p= 0.027). Adolescents aged 12 and 14 years old were more predictable to have high trunk fat (15.4%) than adolesce nts aged 15 and 17 years (10.8%). project et al. (2000) reported thatadolescents aged 11- 13 years were associated with high trunk fat using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Association between stemma military press and socio-demographic characteristicsBlood blackjack was significantly related to adolescents age (p0.01).This relation showed that 35.7% of adolescents aged 15 and 17 years had deliver 2 HT compared to solely 20.3% among adolescents aged 12 and 14 years old had stage 2 HT. Mouraet al. (2004) concluded a study on 898 adolescents,prevalence of towering rent insistence in students aged 15 and 17 years was more than students aged 12 and 14 years.Effect of food categories on the prevalence of stemma pressing among adolescentsFruit and vegetables consumption were significantly related to melody pressure (p=0.008 and p=0.033 respectively). This finding was consistent with the findings of studies (Whelton et al., 1997, Whelton et al., 2005, Appel et al., 2006, Wit ham et al., 2009). Apple et al. (2006) studied the contents offruit and vegetables from vitamins, minerals and fibers. Fruits and vegetablesalso contained super Ctheir adjoin in potassium intake was associated with significantly reduction in birth pressure. The increase in potassium intake had same great(p) effect on blood pressure as decrease in atomic number 11 intake. Potassium had a major role in reconciliation out the negative effects of sodium. Wheltonet al. (1997) recommended potassium for prevention and treatment of hypertension. change magnitude serum levels of vitamins A, C, E (Appel et al., 2006)and D (Witham et al., 2009)were associated with lowering blood pressure. Meta-analysis suggested that increasing the dietetical fiber intake had a lowering effect on blood pressure (Whelton et al., 2005).According to this study, java was significantly related to blood pressure (p=0.013). Studies explained chocolates role to lower blood pressure (Fisher and Hollenberg, 200 6, Karim et al., 2000, Taubert et al., 2007). Chocolate contained cocoa that include polyphenols specially flavanols. Strong effects of flavnols on blood pressure as a vasodilator were applied by increasing the brass of endothelial nitric oxide.Families health status effect on adolescents blood pressure Fathers and mothers health status was significantly associated with blood pressure in adolescent (p=0.002, p=0.022 respectively). Many studies (Din-Dzietham et al., 2007, Dasgupta et al., 2006, Martin et al., 2004) confirmed that family history of hypertension and cardiovascular unsoundness were risk factors for elevated blood pressure among adolescents. Family history of corpulency including fathers and siblings obesity was significant with adolescentsblood pressure (p=0.004 and p=0.048respectively).Falkner.(2010) reported a confirmatory relation between blood pressure among adolescents and family history of obesity.Association between blood pressure and anthropometric measurem entsAlton. (2005) considered hypertension one of obesity risk factors. Lu et al. (2013) conducted a study in China, and found out that the risk of elevated blood pressure prevalence was 1.5 folds in overweight children and was 2.2 folds in obese children. High BMI increased the risk of insulin resistance. Endothelial dysfunction and spunk led to elevated blood pressure mediated bythe increase kind nervous system (SNS) activity (Tsioufis et al., 2011, Poirier et al., 2006). Our findings confirmed previous findings of high betting odds of stage 1 systolic hypertension among overweight adolescents 1.8 folds and 2.7 folds in obese adolescents, adjusting for confounding variables -age, smoking status and physical activity.Our result observed that adolescents with waist circumferences 90th percentile proportionally related to increase in blood pressure.Lu et al. (2013) reported a high significant association (pIncrease in total body fat in our study was significant with increase in blo od pressure proportionally. Pre-HTN, stage 1 HTN and stage 2 HTN were significant (p=0.009,p=0.004 and pet al. (2002)used DEXA and skinfolds to estimate total body fat and its relation asa predictor for blood pressure among adolescentboys unlike girls.Landsberg et al. (2013) explained that pathophysiology of fat appeal in abdominal region led to an increase in blood pressure by increases in insulin secretion, (SNS) activity, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, angiotensinogen from intra-abdominal adipocytes, aldosterone production and renal sodium reabsorption. Our findings confirmed previous findings of high odds of stage1 systolic hypertension among adolescents with trunk fat 90th percentile had 4 times higher odds of having stage 1 systolic hypertension (CI 2.2, 7.1) and 5.5 higher odds of having stage 2 systolic hypertension (CI 3.4, 9.1).An association between adolescents splanchnic fat with blood pressure was observed among boys contrary girls (Pausova et al., 2012 ).Matsuzawa et al.(1995) explained increase that the in visceral fat to induce high level of free fatty loony toons excretion in liver via portal circulation after lipogenesis and lipolysis activity, gluconeogenesis, lipid tax write-off and insulin resistance were response actions causedby excusive free fatty acid to induce hypertension and eventually atherosclerosis.Our results confirmed previous findings of high odds of stage 2 systolic hypertension among adolescents with visceral fat 90th percentile by 7.2 folds.ConclusionThe prevalence of total, truncal and visceral fat in our study were high. Excessfat,especially visceral fat significantly increased the risk for systolic blood pressure individually in older adolescents. The physiological relation between obesity and hypertension could not be attributed to a single factor. Factors that minimized the activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system and renal sodium excretion had to be controlled, pr imarily the factors caused by excess fat. This finding based on measures of fat distribution and blood pressure in adolescent boys is important to serve tracks cardiovascular risks from adolescence to adulthood.Strength of the StudyThis research has been conducted for the first time in Jordan to explain the prevalence and relationship between adolescents blood pressure and fat distribution.The study depends on data collected from a large smack that is representative to Jordan as a whole.Limitation of the StudyAn addition of a 24-hour recall form with this study combined with studys FFQ could be more precise to estimate dietary and lifestyle habits among adolescents.RecommendationsSerious policies and actions for the interestingness of prevention, control weight and body fat specially as risks for elevated blood pressure, should be taken to apply an appropriate intervention on affected adolescents.Raise the schools role is for mass public enlightenment and health education on the threats of some nutritional behavior and lifestyle.