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Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Language Arts Unit Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Arts Unit Plan - Essay poserThe lesson plans go away have an Objective, Materials, Procedure, and Assessment. The lessons are all connected through using the same spirit level further in different chequering aspects and skills.Behavioral Objective-- The student will drug abuse their oral language to correct vocabulary by reading a short story and will write mastered on a sheet of paper any new sacred scriptures that they do not know. For example, croaker-sack, kindling, scowling, sycamore guide are some of the possible new words. The students will begin to use the dictionary to look up the meaning of the new words after they try to figure out the meanings from the story. This activity will be done after the first reading of the story. The students will also read this story silently.Procedure Students will sit in one group or in small groups and read the story to from each one other taking turns in reading each paragraph. The teacher will take short notes when stud ents whitethorn have trouble with certain words.AssessmentThe teacher abide require the student to write down the word or words that the students may stumble with when reading and then practice saying the word or words by sounding them out. The teacher then can ask the student to adjudge the meaning of the unknown word by reviewing the story context.Behavioral Objective Student will use the story to learn the concept of making compound words. The student will read through the story and write down all the compound words on a sheet of paper. The students will learn what makes a compound word. They will also learn that a compound word is made of devil separate words that could stand apart.Procedure Students will read through the story and when they come to a compound word they will them write it down on their papers. The teacher can then ask them what two words make the one compound word that they found.Assessment-- To check for understanding the teacher can ask the student to read the story and when the student comes to a compound word he

Monday, April 29, 2019

Read below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Read below - Essay ExampleSuch a status quo does not meet for a peaceful resolution of the issue of chinawareese sovereignty or the Chinese One chinaware Policy. Changes that have occurred in chinaware in the last two decades that have the potential to travel it to the forefront in world economics and politics create a platform for china to be more accommodative to a peaceful resolution to the irritants that exist between it and Taiwan. Recent events, like the historic visits of the Head of State of Taiwan to mainland China add to the potential for. It is against this backdrop that the author lays down a possible political solution to the vexing issues of Chinas insistence on only unrivalled China and the self-sufficiency aspirations of China.The political solution suggested by the author is the Greater China Union, wherein the cardinal China policy of mainland China is accepted on one hand and some of the autonomy aspirations of Taiwan are conceded by China. By worldwide ac ceptance of the fait accompli of a single state of China, the pride of China remains unaffected, which would find acceptance to the more realistic politicians in Beijing and also derive the pull ahead of concessions on autonomy aspirations of Taiwan. The author also lays out the status of Taiwan within the Greater China Union concept.The Greater China Concept calls for an asymmetric relationship between that of the federated state (Taiwan) and a greater larger federate power (China). The asymmetry lies in Taiwan maintaining greater internal autonomy and giving up some of its international autonomy in the potential Union of the two federations.The start-off element in the potential union is the demilitarization of Taiwan under international guarantees on the similar lines of the Finland-Aland model, already a real precedent in existence. The Aland Islands are demilitarized under international guarantees and Finland looks after the foreign personal business of the Aland

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Project Management Theory & Practice Assignment - 1

stand Management Theory & Practice - Assignment ExampleSeeing that when customers turn out to be much stylish, well knowledgeable and their desires and expectations develop, the simply approach a corporation rump endure and flourish is by providing assurance to tincture (BSiGroup, 2010). In this scenario, ISO9000 is a globally acknowledged standard of quality, which offers rules and regulations for achieving the ISO9000 quality standard. In addition, the corporations can be audited to receive ISO9000 certification (Management Help, 2010).Moreover, a quality care system (QMS)for instance ISO 9001 offers a management supportthat provides the organizations the required facilities to deal with threats and examine and determine quality of your products. Furthermore, it can also help the organizations to modify their representation and status and allow them to search for enhancements through inside and outside communications (BSiGroup, 2010).This stage of the Marriott global Hotels business count on will be based upon the superior quality which guarantees the entire stages of the project and study analysis of the new and innovative deployments. In this regard key jobs will be about the valuation of the quality concerning the latest render and their setup standards. This will definitely assure an improved and superior quality management plus useful project completion. No doubt, Quality is vital to each and every project and particularly for business activities and functions. For an enhanced business support and successful project completion we must restrain to ensure project quality. Here I will present the project quality management throw for the Marriott International Hotels business project.Here we will use the quality assurance tools planned for the Marriott International hotel bedding and renovation scheme. These quality declaration tools will make sure that the entire needs and requirements have been full satisfied as they were mentioned at the comm ence of the project. Here we will establish a plan

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Dry farming the Zinfandel grape varietal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

modify body politic the Zinfandel grape varietal - bear witness ExampleBefore irrigation systems became available and practical, dry farming was standard practice for planting and managing wine grapes in California. dry farming is still possible and successfully used by some growers, but it is site-specific and pendant on annual rainfall, climate, soil type and grape variety. The economics of dry farming are a key consideration in relation to grape yields and prices.Dry farming wine grapes depend on residual soil moisture to meet the water requirements for grape vine growth and berry development (Chatterton, 196). pull down in Californias dry Mediterranean climate, the water retained in soils from winter rains brush aside be sufficient to support grape production throughout the growing season without supplemental irrigation.Dry farming techniques can improve grape and wine quality. Many growers have said that they trade bar for quality when dry farming. Although dry-farmed vin eyards may yield less than irrigated vineyards, the fruit that is produced often has more concentrated flavors and a deeper expression of quality taste. Tablas Creek Vineyard in Paso Robles believes that their dry-farmed berries are essential to the balance and expression of their wines.Dry farming can also have significant positive impacts on the environment and improve the sustainability of vineyards. By not irrigating, dry farmers reduce the water footprint of the vineyard. According to Frank Leeds (2003), studies in Napa vale shows that he is saving a minimum of 16,000 gallons of water an acre a year by dry farming his vineyards, compared to those that only lightly irrigate. If vineyards can conserve fresh water, not only will they be bring to water conservation, but also reducing their dependency on a highly demanded resource, particularly in areas of groundwater overdraft (Hargreaves & Mary, 109).Competition over

Friday, April 26, 2019

Assessment Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment Skills - Essay ExampleThen I feces count the anatomy of thoughts associated to each aspect of counseling. By conducting routine thought listing, I can assess the knob come near (Hiebert, 1996). In self-monitoring method, a simple rating scale or monitoring form is developed and clients handling the form to track the variable under observation (Hiebert, 1996). For example, if the changes in the self confidence level of a client have to be assessed, I can ask the client to make self-monitoring by providing him/her with advocator cards of which one side can be notified as positive and the other side as negative. The client can be asked to place check marks on both sides in tie with the moments in which he/she feels confident and not. These checkmarks can finally be compiled to assess the correlation between discipline and impact outcomes. This method will increase self awareness in the client and thereby assistance increase self confidence also. Hiebert has listed th e advantages of self-monitoring as follows It can help identify factors affecting the client presenting problem, as well as provide a tangible indication of client change. If self-monitoring starts at the beginning of counseling, it can provide baseline data against which to compare change as well as evidence of client change across time.

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Can obesity explain personality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can obesity explain personality - Research opus ExampleThis essay will discuss obesity as one of the wellness disorders and its relation to personality. sample is a sense of depression that a majority of individuals encounter on a daily dry land based on disappointment or pressure. Stress basin n each be avoided nor prevented instead it bum be controlled. On the other hand, health refers to a state of physiological social welfare. Therefore, unhealthiness is caused by purposeless immune systems triggered by poor body maintenance (Mayer, 2004). Stress is experienced by everyone, from children to adults. It gutter either be helpful or harmful depending on its management. It is also beneficial in the sense that it can enable an individual to develop skills needed to cope with in dangerous situations. However, when stress goes beyond these limits, it becomes a tragedy, and its consequences are unpredictably hazardous.Getting medical care and support can operatively assist in mini mizing the effects of the stress, which is a significant cause of obesity in the society (Stellmann, 2002). According to research, majority of the grave individuals react strongly by exhibiting strong emotions such as anger, sadness, misery, disappointment and hopelessness. When the symptoms of stress are prolonged, it can lead to pervasion and inability to cope with obesity. As stipulated above, health refers to a state of social, mental and somatic well-being. Mental health refers to being in the right spiritual mood, which is extremely vital for survival. Mental health is tricky to manage since it cannot be diagnosed physically. It also plays a crucial role in the fitness and well-being of an individual.On the other hand, obesity affects the mental health of a person. Mental health is extremely significant as it can be felt by the entire body of a human. People pick out to maintain mental health in order to survive. Such a case applies to obese individuals as a poor personalit y will reduce their survival chances. The personality of

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

The Test of Market Price for Weak Form Efficiency Assignment

The Test of Market Price for Weak Form ability - Assignment ExampleThe presence of the market force in its weak form when looking at historical charges butt end be explained through varying statistical tests, and the tests are mainly focused on the notion that the investor might repeatedly make more than the standard returns on the knowledge of the historical price patterns (Timmermann & Granger, 2002). To prove the weak form of market efficiency can often be complicated due to the infinite number of methods to predicting the returns in the future, evaluated against the past and present returns (Hamid et al., 2010). It is also crucial to note that there tests that can show efficiency and with the regard to the provided pattern of prices (Teall, 2012). The investor with intricate knowledge of the test that explains the market inefficiency might implement the knowledge and obtain high returns, more than the face, or alternatively face a market restraint that blocks the investor from realizing the market efficiency (Botten, 2007). Similarly, tests of efficiency in markets are in reality, the combined tests for the actual inefficiency and a wholeness model that explains the standard profits in an efficient market (Moyer, McGuigan & Rao, 2015). As a result, the market efficiency concept cannot be ignored, unless the investor is aware that the right outlook for standard profits has been chosen for the specific course. Moyer, McGuigan & Rao (2015) apprehend the presence of costly entropy in price patterns that are not normal, and in effect, the market cannot be efficient. Consequently, the best benchmark for tests of efficiency in the market will almost certainly not be hypothetically perfectly efficient. Hence, if the efficiency of the market in its weak form is present, therefore, the current prices shows that past information that contains every information might be analyzed using the price patterns of the past, as well as the trading volume of the stock (Schubert, 2009).

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

The Short-Term Significance Of The Anglo-Saxon Invasions Coursework

The Short-Term Significance Of The Anglo-Saxon Invasions - Coursework ExampleThe invasion of England was a result of struggle between the British and the Anglo Saxons until around AD 500 at the Battle of Mount Badon which started as a result of a mutiny by Anglo Saxon mercenaries within the papistic army between 450 and 500. However, Gildas in his De Excidio Brittannie acclaims the resistance to Ambrosius Aurelianus who finally won the Battle of Mount Badon, which steamed the migration of the Anglo Saxons and their dominance of England as the Britons exhausted themselves with inside disputes, wars and general un quell. Discussion A most recent account based on a questioning review of the archeological deduction by Hines nones that, while there was a general sequence of the spiritual rebirth from Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England, it cannot be dated to the exact dates as historians would desire. This is due to very little evidence in the take a hop of Anglo Saxon artifacts that could be dated back to the 5th century. Anglo Saxon influence hence became more visible during the 2nd half of the 5th century resulting in the definition of the coming of the Anglo Saxons from the rouse which they achieved significant influence rather than their first arrival, c450 hence is just a date as any. The significances of the Anglo Saxon invasion in Britain can hence be analyzed in terms of the loving, political, scotch, cultural and economic impacts. As one of the short term social impacts of this invasion and final migration, the Anglo Saxons were assimilated into the Celtic culture and their social setting, especially in the central and southern parts of Britain. This contributed to the final creation of the Anglo Saxon England which basically take to the extensive use of the old English language. The language arose as a social need among the triad different communities of the Anglo Saxons to communicate among each other (Gerrard, CA217. Celt was the language of the armed services and the higher in society who in any given society are usually few in number and the fall of the Romano British rule saw the fall in the number of Latin speakers, hence leaving the majority and the rest of the society to be speakers of old English whose growth in population increased the number of old-English speaker. The Anglo Saxon invasion of England is mainly known to have started by the invitation of Anglo Saxon mercenaries of 100 men on terce ships by the Romans to help them in the war against the Picts and the Irish, and also others who came to their own accord. Their most known form of military advancement was on foot sores but during the aftermath of their invasion of Britain, and their expansion of their territory, they switched their military strategy to charging on horsebacks which can also be attributed to the expansion of their kingdom which meant large tracts of land to be covered, which logically could not be done on foot. In the early Anglo S axon settlement in Britain, buildings were of simple construction, precisely using masonry in the foundation only but the rest was strictly using timber with roof roofing. This form of architecture of the Anglo Saxon was because of not wanting to settle within the old roman cities. With the Roman settlement among the Anglo Saxons also saw a distinctive contrast in the form of construction of houses and in the overall architecture in totality (White, CA 211). The Roman settlement led to the building of massive forms of architecture which can be attributed to Christianity since the churches of this age were to be built in a particular form of architecture. Christianity as a religion was formally introduced to the Anglo

Monday, April 22, 2019

World Povery Causes and Role of Foreign Aid Essay

World Povery Causes and Role of Foreign Aid - audition ExampleHowever, this development is seen only in the developed countries. There is a strong reason layabout it. The developed countries have resources, education and most importantly money. They have all the factors which ar necessary for a normal citizen to fulfill his ineluctably. On the other hand many countries of the area are struggling with the issues of overpopulation and unemployment that in the end cause beggary. The cause of world poverty are many but it has been unveiled that the unusual uphold provided to the deprived countries is usually not sufficient enough to fulfill their basic demands and thus inefficacy of foreign aid has evolved as one of the major factor behind the world poverty. Everything has a side outcome and in the same way, the overuse of these resources and foreign aid by the developed countries tend to leave slight for the other under developed countries that then face poverty. Poverty is a occupation that cannot be work instantly. It has to be a combined effort of everyone working together. However, before the solutions, there has to be proper companionship about the main causes of poverty. There are many causes, big or small, that result in world poverty and give rise to the many problems caused by poverty (Bauer, 1992). Firstly, the main cause of poverty is overpopulation. When there are hold resources and too many people, it becomes hard for all the people to benefit from those resources thus create poverty. This can be applied to many of the cases such as places to live. If there is limited property, it is obvious that the elite group class will get the chance to utilize the area as they can afford it. The ones who are left unsheltered are the ones attacked by poverty. Overpopulation is closely linked to the literacy rate. Literacy rate plays an important role in managing the poverty levels of a country. If there is a low literacy rate, there will be less pe ople to view and fulfill their demands. The illiterate people are, however, engaged in agricultural activities that can never fulfill their needs for a comfortable life. Illiteracy results in high birth rate, and thus more need of limited resources. The developing countries have more urban areas where the environmental degradation causes poverty as these areas have shortage of clean water, food and shelter (Mitchell, 2007). Another cause of poverty closely linked with the literacy rate is employment. In many developed countries, life is getting too fast like technological based. They use fabricate goods so there is less demand for natural resources. In developing countries, the people employed for the descent of natural resources need to be highly professional, again leaving behind the illiterate population. Moreover, these employees are pay less wages with which they can only support their basic needs. Apathy is another major problem in poor countries which leads poverty level s to rise. The people feel so powerless and hopeless that they refuse to correct conditions, fix problems and judge between right and wrong. When they see someone in their family or society ascent above or trying to make a channel, they get jealous and discourage them. This results in accent and suspicion in the society. An individual or a group of people feel so mixed-up that they start to depend on help from outside and forget about making a change on their own. Ignorance is another major factor as lack of education is the trigger that leads to poverty. The main contribution in the increase of poverty levels is from the government. The government of developing countries has become powerless. The government is square offd by the external influence of rich people who formulate the

Doing business with Japanese Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Doing moving in with Japanese - Research Paper ExampleBoth the political as considerably as the business military position result be discussed in this part. Moving on to the trade perspective it is necessary to consider the FDI and the FII in Japan. In this section some of the discussion will be on the structures of taxes in Japan. A section of the project will discuss about the trade barriers within the surface area from the perspective of export and import. In order to start a business the most important function is to analyze the market and therefore it is necessary to analyze the Japanese market. The culture of the land along with the business etiquette toleratenot be ignored. The last section will summarize the whole project. Introduction The country selected for the discussion in the project is Japan. The country represents a constitutional monarchy. The Emperor does not enjoy much power. The judicial dust of the country is mainly based on the civil law existing in Eur ope since the latter(prenominal) half of 19th century. The country is a member of G8 and APEC. The country also participated in East Asia Summit. It shares wide relationship with United States. The country is a permanent member of the G4 nations in the Security Council. However the country is engaged in several territorial disputes with countries like Russia, South Korea and China. The country emerged as one of the true nations within the continent of Asia. The period of 1960s to 1980s is referred as the post war economic miracle. by and by the asset price bubble the growth level steadily decreased and the decade after mid-nineties is referred as the lost decade. In order to make supremacyful entry into the Japanese market the potential entrants will have to cut out a clear budget control policies and a alter growth strategy for at least for half a decade. There are three secrets in successful setting up of business in the country. The entrant needs to analyze the opportunitie s the services or the products the entrant will be offering in the market, a sustainable strategy that the entrant will be following and ensuring the returns on the spending made. It is possible to taste success by doing business in Japan unless the strategies are not based on false assumptions. Some brands achieved great success unspoilt by making little changes in brand identity and applying some marketing techniques. The consumers of the country likes lucubrate and so detailed printed materials are essential small-arm setting up the business in the country. thusly analysis of brand equity and setting up a corporate image is important to embark the Japanese market as well. It is of utmost necessity to analyze the strategies of the already existing competitors effectively. The process of gross revenue and the revenue model should be in line with the Japanese culture and the market. Setting up a new business is not expensive either if the cost structure is effectively determined . The Euro and the companies of US can reap the benefits of the treaty between Japan and US. Successful entry into the market will also evoke the valuation of the company as investors will perceive that a company that can taste success in the market of Japan can do so everywhere. A risk of being dodged is associated while doing business in the country. The country achieved a good score in the indicators compiled by the World beach for the year 2008. The estimates of the governance are usually distributed with zero mean .Therefore a high score signifies a more stable

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Mass Media Effects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mass Media effect - Assignment Examplevarious ads like Coca-Cola which infiltrates the mind with regular visit to the site and makes the interfaceof the various websites attractive.Through this, portion media gets its way into the people of different walks of life.The advertisements featuring Coca-Cola involve participation of the young generation at their prime with a lot of energy.The other bingle involve all age groups and the obvious audience in this advertisement is the young population of the Coca-Coala global market who would like to associate themselves with such an imaginary life proficient of entertainment. The values associated with the advertisement is all about team spirit and cultural diversity and this is the common denominator amid the two adverts.From the example of the role of media in spreading Nazi propaganda against the Jews, it can be seen that mass media is one of the most lethal tool for influencing behavior of the mass(Cogan, Brian, and Tony Kelso,168) .A typical recent experience of the effect of Media is the congoing Arab revolution that state with media incitement of the citizens through social netwoirking sites like facebook and ther. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 in Africa is also a quick move of the influence of mass media in confusing people.The aforementioned(prenominal) influence of media has been used over time by some media channels like Aljazeera to propagate anti US ideas.US on the other hand uses the same tool like the live broadcast of the attack on AlQaeda mastermind to show the world its efforts towards voidance of terrorism.Media manipulaytes the psychology of a mass and once the majority shows interest towards a given course of work then any other antagonist or different idea islikely to be overwhelmed in an individualist hence being swept into the opinion of the mass. Tis is the concept applied in political propaganda and

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Organizational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational behaviour - show ExampleFor employees or humans in general, mental aspects or brain or mind is the learn, which has to be in a highly inspired or motivated state for it to function efficiently. When the mind of the employee is in an inspired or motivated state, then it go forth utilize not only its mental embark on but the whole physical body to effectively carry out all their allocated tasks thereby contribute their best to the organization. Thus inspiring or need (both can be used in an standardized manner) the employees forms crucial part of organizational functioning or even leadership duties.In organizational setting, employees will carry out their allocated tasks due to personal motivating factors like salary, taking care of their family, professional addition and so on. However, more than those personal needs, if the organization and in particularly its leaders actualize a motivating environment by setting goals and roles to the employees, by giving them non-financial appreciation, by utilizing the employees strengths and by promoting apt Work-Life balance, then the employees motivational levels will accentuate and that will lead to strong performance by them. These four motivational strategies and in particular leaders role in it was focused in the article How to....inspire your staff by Doug Crawford. Focusing on the above mentioned four motivational strategies discussed by the author of the article, the report will first review the key motivational theories, followed by how those theories are relevant and connected to those four motivational strategies.At the basic level, motivation can be viewed or termed as the inner drive that would make the humans think as well as act in a particular manner. The term motivation is derived from the Latin devise motivus which stands for impelling, moving and driving. (Worsch 2004). Although, it is

Friday, April 19, 2019

MIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

MIS - Assignment ExampleThus, I would suggest they ingestiond real people with real instances or situations.2. The site www.lie-nielsen.com shares its social capital by linking mw with a variety of other social media and network users all(prenominal) over the world. The several links tend to connect me to other people of similar interest as me. On my art, I also share my social capital by giving the site an passage and linkage to their other users. In principle, it is a principal of reciprocity and mutual benefit in price of social capital.3. British Broadcasting Corporation has a restrictive social media policy since it limits the bare freedoms of how their employees could use the social media platforms and services. I find it a positive thing because the employees or staff of BBC are the agents and ambassadors of the company. It would be a disaster for instance for staff to offer contradictory stances and positions to that of the corporation and send wrong signals to the

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

da Vinci da Vinci - Research Paper ExampleLeonardo had designed a helicopter, a tank, as well as a calculator. He had much make important discoveries on hydrodynamics, civil engineering, as well as optics. During his lifetime, he was also well reputed for his skills in engineering. The bridge was later made to span an inlet at the mouth of Bosporous, which is also known as the Golden Horn. Beyazid did not approve the look since he believed that such a bridge would not work out. Leonardo was often called as the renaissance man since he was extra ordinarily talented in different streams. He was a versatile genius in every sense. Leonardo was engaged in the construction of bridge over for most of his life time. His revolving bridges were able to transport armies over water bodies. The bridges he designed, and got constructed for the armies, had made it easier for the armies to cross quite a vast numbers of rivers. Leonardos statue was erected in 2001, when a undersized bridge was c onstructed in Norway. The Turkish Government on 17 May decided to construct Leonardos bridge (which he designed earlier) to span the Golden Horn. The bridge becomes a reality vitamin D age after its designing. It was Vebjorn sense, an artist in Norway, who took the initiative to construct it. He saw the sketch and the toy form of the bridge at an exhibition of Da Vincis architectural and engineering designs. ... The Mona Lisa of bridges as what people call it today was sketched by Da Vinci 500 years ago, though many thought the implementation of such a design would be impossible. Vebjorn Sands version of it is like this. This is the starting signal time any of Leonardos architectural and civil engineering designs has been built. There have been models, unless this is the first in full size, (Da Vinci Comes to Life 500 Years on, 2001). Sand was the ideal person to take up the project of the Golden Horn bridge since he was not only a noted painter but was also the one who was acclaimed for his gigantic public art installations. Now Golden Horn has become the famous water way in Istanbul and it separates England from Asia. It is quite unbelievable that the bridge was designed in 1502, and that it took 500 years for someone to convert it into a reality. Vebjorn Sand deserves accolades for it. Sand was purely influenced by the traditions of Renaissance and Baroque, and believed that we shouldnt withstand in the past, but the past should live in us (Sahlins, 2007). For the next few years, Sand fagged most of his time and effort in transforming the dream design into a reality. In 2001, the project was completed. The maestro version of the design was 240 meter or 720 feet stone structure, which was intended to span Golden Horn as an inlet between Istanbul and Pera. This project could not achieve its form during Da Vincis period since the technology of the period was not that efficient. Leonardo bridge was an elegant project with 100 meters or approximately ccc feet length. Moreover it is remarkable in its perfection of pressed-bow construction. In accordance with Da Vincis original plan, Sand is creating a

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Human Recources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Recources - Essay ExampleThis needlessly and unreasonably marginalizes people categorized as being religious or belonging to any religion. Title 7 of the Civil Rights set 1964 limits the abuse by any employer. It provides a guideline to the employers acts and decisions and to a certain extent even his look towards managing his employees. Title 7 of the act states that it would be an unlawful employment practice if an employer intentionally or accidentally tends to limit or classify his employees in any port that an employee is deprived of an opportunity towards the employment or affects the status of the individual. As part of the title 7 under the civil rights act 1964, structural pocket is considered as unfair and unlawful employment practices. The law prohibits firing employees without cause. Constructive dismissal is a way for an employer to circumvent the intentions of the civil rights act by creating such an atmosphere in a work family that an employee has no optio n but to resign. In this case the former employee is alleging that the practice of constructive dismissal has interpreted place. ... s it prove that the employer was targeting any specific employee in guild to get rid of the individual or creating circumstances for constructive dismissal. The former employee would need to prove that these transforms in the grind scheduling had no separate reason than to discriminate against certain religions. In order to successfully defend against these allegations and respond to the former employees allegations, the federation has to show the necessity of the change in account and why it was inevitable for the management of the corporation to reverse back the change that was brought about. I believe if we can demonstrate that these changes were necessary for the business needs, we go away be successful in our defense. Firstly, production facilities that use a just in time factory schedule for production might get raw material supplies at n ight. If such a company changes its factory schedule from day hours to night hours, some employees might not prefer the new schedule and would need to quit their jobs. In this case the company has a demonstrated need for a change in schedule and any employee no longer used to the new schedule cannot allege constructive dismissal. Second, instead of getting raw material supplied for production daily, the company shifts to buying raw material in bulk for the next week, in order to be more efficient. Again, the company needs to prove that this change might have not been suitable for certain employees but the change is clearly motivated by business needs rather than discrimination prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in order to reply to the employees charge of constructive dismissal. Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides a rendering to religious discrimination by stating that it involves treating a person unfavorably

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Early Civilizations Matrix Essay Example for Free

earlier Civilizations Matrix EssayAffirmative ActionThe purpose of this paper is to review the subject of affirmative satisfy, and the policies that go along with it. The paper will be recommending to a board of directors that their moving in implement affirmative execution policies. This rivalry will be supported by points and facts that are in favor of the implementation. It will in addition fairly discuss points against the implementation of affirmative follow up. The paper will cover points about how affirmative action policies relate to compliance with the equal probability laws. Before getting to far ahead, it is all important(p) to make for sure that there is a valid understanding of what affirmative action actually is, and what its policies stand for.What is affirmative action?Affirmative action means that steps are taken to help increase the representation of women, and another(prenominal) minorities in areas like education, employment, and business. These are all areas from which they arrive typically and historically been excluded. It is when these steps involve discriminative treatment or selection dwelling on gender, race, and heathenity then the concept of affirmative action becomes polemical (Affirmative Action, 2001). History of affirmative actionIn 1961, then chair John F. Kennedy issued executive order 10925 against Ameri john Lexicon. The order gave the first mention of affirmative action.The purpose of the order was to end discrimination within the business (Nittle, n.d.). Next, three years later in 1964, The Civil regenerate Act came out. The goal of the Civil Right Act of 1964 was to stop employment and public accommodations discrimination (Nittle, n.d.). Following the Civil Right Act of 1964, President Lyndon Johnson, who took office after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, issued executive order 11246. This order required federal contractors to trust affirmative action, to help develop diversity within the w orkplace and help end race based discrimination, and other forms of discrimination (Nittle, n.d.).Before these amendments were signed into action, you had other key inventionets that took place as well. For example, the case of brownness v Board of Education. This case was about an African American girl who wanted to attend a white public school, and was denied admittance. This case helped overturn a prior case Plessy v Ferguson. Plessy v Ferguson reach tongue to that a separate but equal America was constitutional (Nittle, n.d.). Brown v Board disordered that case by judgment that discrimination is a key flavour of racial segregation. Which meant that it violated the fourteenth Amendment (Nittle, n.d.). This decision started the countries goal to promote diversity in schools and various other places (Nittle, n.d.). This was a rattling important legal, as well as ethical case. It helped kick start the changes to large numbers thought processes.Why affirmative action?Now th at a bit of history on affirmative action has been covered, it is important to look at why affirmative action policies should be put into action at your caller-up. Affirmative action would be very beneficial to your corporation for many evidences. It fall by the waysides for a more diversified workplace, it is a way to allow all races to have equal rights, it shows that everyone has the ability to be great at their commercial enterprise, that people can be more productive by sharing various thoughts, plans, and subjects for the betterment of not only the company, but themselves as well, regardless of their gender, race, or ethnicity.This company should hire people based on liaisons like their level of give and skill, and whether they have the aspects necessary for thatposition. The hiring process should not be based on the persons racial or ethnic background, or whether they are a male or a female. People should be comfortable profuse that when they apply for a position wit hin your company they do not worry about whether or not they are being discriminated against. All that should matter is that they have the skills necessary to do the job to the opera hat of their ability. Not whether or not they are the proper gender or if they are the right ethnicity.If somebody applies for a job at your company, and they feel they may have been discriminated against, and then they ask you about it, if you dont give them a reasonable response or answer them correctly it can cause problems for the company. Whether it be through long bitter court battles, or just the company gains a bad name for even potentially being prejudiced or biased.employ discrimination against women and minorities is something that has gone on for a very long time. Government reports show that the pay, as well as job opportunities for minorities is smaller than that of white or Caucasian ethnicity ( Bohlander Snell, 2007).If your company implements affirmative action, it can be beneficial from the outside and inside as well. wizard thing that needs to be done to begin the action, is to develop a plan. Your company needs to have a written statement showing commitment to the idea of affirmative action. You should look at where the company stands in terms of women and minorities that you have employed. By doing so, it will allow for you to see where changes, if any, need to be made. in one case you see where the improvements and changes are, you need to take the right steps to make sure these changes are made. While fashioning these changes, you have to make sure that no other race or gender within your employee base was mistreated, or undervalued in any way due to the affirmative action plan. Equal employment opportunity lawAccording to the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, all businesses have an obligation to uphold. They are not to judge a potential employee based on ones race, gender, age, etc. This is a very important aspect of affirmative action. You have to mak e sure that your company understands and follows the constitution ( Bohlander Snell, 2007).The court system is always translation the employment law. If changes are made, then it is the manager of your companys responsibility to change the companys employment guidelines to follow the court ruling (Bohlander Snell, 2007). To help make sure that business do comply with the changes, and anti discrimination laws, the Equal Employment Opportunities Council was established to monitor that the guidelines are being followed (Bohlander Snell, 2007).Benefits of affirmative actionThere are many benefits for your company to implementing an affirmative action plan. The employees themselves will benefit for instance, because minorities that are employed within your company have the gamble to advance up the career ladder, and gain opportunities for promotions that they may not have had a chance of getting before.Your company shouldnt be made up of one race, one ethnicity, or one gender becaus e you think that one is better than the other. If a person has or gets a job, it should be due to their qualifications and abilities to do the job correctly. Not based on race or gender. The downfalls of affirmative actionWith almost any argument in favor of something, you are going to have opinions refuting the ideas. Some believe that affirmative action leads to pilfer discrimination. That instead of being engage for their qualifications and skill, that they are hired based on religion, race, gender, etc. Opponents feel that it can make people turn against one another. Preventing the downfalls of affirmative actionThe cons of affirmative action can be avoided as long as your company takes the proper steps. The company needs to look for the best people for the unfilled positions, and do the proper training if needed. To help prevent your employees from feeling as if the only reason they got the job with your company was due to their gender or race, make sure that you let them kn ow they were hired because they had the needed experience or qualifications and therefore they were the best match.It is important to make sure that your company sticks to the plan that was laid out in the beginning, to the affirmative action plan that was developed. You watch over all of your employees, and not just those who are impacted more by the plan, the work environment at your company should hitch sustainable and comfortable for all employees.ConclusionAffirmative action would be a great idea for your company. The purpose of this presentation was to show both the pros and the cons of implementing affirmative action within your company, which is hopefully what was done. The main thing to remember here is that the benefits to implementing affirmative action, strongly outweigh the pitfalls. Also, the opposition to the plan can be avoided by following your action plan, and the steps provided for avoidance of those downfalls. It is hoped that you will choose to use the affirmat ive action policy within your company, as it is something that will most definitely help and payoff in your companys future.ReferencesBohlander, G. W., Snell, S. A., (2007). Managing human resources (14th ed.). Florence, KY Thomson schooling Higher Education. Nittle, N.K. (n.d.). Key events in affirmative action history. Retrieved from http//racerelations.about.com/od/historyofracerelations/a/TheFiveLandmarkEventsWhichLedtoAffirmativeActionsRise.htm Affirmative action. (2001). Retrieved from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/

Monday, April 15, 2019

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Essay Example for Free

Vietnam Veterans Memorial testifyI seat get no satisfaction Rolling St wholenesssNow here we are, standing more or less the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Fashioned from stark slabs of black granite, this memorial perfectly represents Americas embodied memory of its longest struggle and first defeat. The memorial, like the memory, is both somber and ambiguous. On the polished looking of the memorial appear the figure of speechs of some 58,000 U.S. military personnel who died in Indochina. My friends name is one of those names. This was the greatest cost of the strugglefare of our rude.There were others as well the bitterness of over 3 million Vietnam veterans who returned to more scorn than gratitude from their fellow citizens the inflation that followed years of deficit financing to help compass more than $150 billion in war expenses bruising divisions within American ships company near responsibility for the nations defeat and the devastation of the pecks and lands of Indochina and a public cynicism about government, reinforced by the Watergate scandal, that was to mark U.S. politics for many years.However, I wouldnt like to put the card before the ply and thus Ill try to tell you the unharmed news report about the America of those mean solar daylights in whole possible details. Ill tell you how everything started and where it ended about our youth and our epoch, which nowadays one can easily shoot the breeze the Vietnam warfare Era.We had had very poor knowledge of Vietnam by July 27, 1964. On that exact day the news reported that 5,000 US military advisors were ordered to reciprocal ohm Vietnam to join other American militaries and concur the government of South Vietnam in its struggle against the Communists of the North. Today I say that day marked the set about of new era for all of us.How it startedI should tell that the very first gear of the Vietnam fight had contained much list that later generated negative attitude of our society towards that military campaign. Now I understand that the initial bother lay in following. Congress passed the resolution in 1964 to support tooshieson in taking measures to protect U.S. build up forces in Indochina. As requested by Johnson, Congress passed the resolution in response to incidents between U.S. naval destroyers and North Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of North Vietnam.But this resolution was not the official declaration of the war against North Vietnam however served for Johnson as justification for sending 500,000 legions into South Vietnam. The Presidents administration to avoid disquieting large number did not use word war and invented a devious substitute for it the functional equivalent of a declaration of war. We started discussion as regards the nicety of treating that resolution as declaration of the war. And as time went by our society split up into deuce camps the supporters and detractors of war.Poli tical division of societyMoreover, we mat that not only Americans are dubious of their attitude towards the war. The whole world was also divided into two hostile camps supporters of American invasion into Vietnam (capitalistic democratic countries) and opponents of the military actions (communistic totalistic countries). You must know that America has always been the proponent of democratic principles.What should you also keep in take heed is that it was the time of the Cold War development. I must admit that the existence of external foe (the Communism) was permanently felt by every American. We witnessed of the development of the Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis when the Third World War nearly started, we watched how the nuclear power of the Soviet Union was rising. The fear of nuclear war haunted our country throughout the decade.Increase of kind well-beingThe threat of war had impacted all spheres of our life. We witnessed how police dog-tired much time training for the very real possibility of nuclear attack. You would not confide further it is a fact that the threat of war was the reason for building of the Interstate Highway System during the 1960s. Our highways and roads expended quickly. Consequently, automobile became a common thing at the end of World War II and the expect for it was continuously growing. In the 1960s I and al intimately all my friends had a car and the number of spring chicken people driving a car reached an unprecedented level.At the same time our every day life contained the events not related to the Vietnam War. First of all it was a time of the unprecedented commute in U.S. society. For the first time for the whole history we felt what the prosperity is Technological advances in electronics, telecommunications and transportation changed the American lifestyle. A car became an affordable luxury for every American and since that time we could freely travel most the country.Social protestsThe changes in our material well -being caused the drastic changes in the well-disposed order of our nation. I and my peers were natural during the American first wave of the baby boom caused our girlish adult moms who followed the open rebel against society and those who represented its authority. To my view it was one of the implications of prosperity of American society. Only the prosperous people have heroism to express their ideas freely. Nevertheless, even well-being could not shield the upheaval rising within our nation. As U.S. troops and hardware poured into Vietnam, the casualty figures mounted and domestic unease intensified. Here I have to mention the anti-war movements of the Vietnam War Era. So, in the 1960s The smart leftover movement appeared. At those days the mass media treated them as parasites rejecting American values. But today I understand that they were new-fashioned people with radical stand channelises who attempted to change our society for better. The New Left was a movement of se lf-understood radicals, mostly disciples.Most of the central figures were my peers in their mid-twenties during that decade, and were born during or just before World War II most of the rank and accuse were born after the war and too were part of the mentioned baby boom, which filled the expanding colleges and universities. Although the central figures began as student activists, the New Left grew into an intellectual tendency that included academics, principally in the social sciences and humanities professionals (doctors, lawyers, social workers, etc.) who shared its concern for the rights of helpless and victimized people.So where did they spring from, you wonder. Seeking intellectual coherence, student activists borrowed the bourn New Left from British intellectuals who had left the Communist Party and helped form the Campaign for Nuclear disarming (it was in 1957). Unlike the Britons, most of the U.S. New Left were not Marxists. They hoped to find other social constituenci es with the social commitment to transform society in an egalitarian and democratic direction.I cannot help scarcely let on the activity of this organization in details as my view of them has changed since then. We were continuously informed through TV, piano tuner and newspapers on communist threat. We were told the communists had allegedly penetrated all spheres of our life and due to this the New Left made a noise in our society. From 1965 on, the main force that swelled the New Left was the Vietnam War.Gathering strength, the New Left spun off a movement against the war, and in the popular mind became principally identified with that movement. Students for a representative Society (SDS), which had nine chapters and some 600 members in 1963, grew to some 300 chapters and 100,000 members in 1969. National demonstrations against the war grew from 25,000 people (April 1965) to 500,000 (November 1969). As the war escalated, the New Left (or what more and more called itself the m ovement) became not only larger and more militant. During this time, however, the core of New Left organizers came to regard themselves as more than a protest movement. They increasingly saw themselves as committed to a radical transformation with an antiauthoritarian spirit. Pragmatic, many were reluctant to call themselves socialist or anarchist they borrowed elements from both traditions, as well as from liberalism.Toward that end, they experimented with community organizing among the poor with projects in student-centered education with attempts to radicalize factory workers. But their principal base was the university campuses. Best represented among elite universities at the beginning of their movement, their class base later moved progressively downward. By 1970, demonstrations against the gulp, against military education, against corporate recruiters, against disciplinary rules, and in favor of ethnic studies departments took place on hundreds of campuses and turned into a real trouble for authorities. By 1967, most of my friends in the New Left had moved (in the words of their own slogan) from protest to resistance. We, observing the massive alienation of college-educated youth as signaled in drug use, popular music, hippie c helpinghing, long hair, and so forth came to heart that a radical transformation of the society was necessary, although they had little conception of a new order. By 1968, we saw institutions from university administrations to the Democratic Party as hopelessly oppressive.Opposition to draftIn relation to the protests of the young contemporaries I want to stress upon such phenomenon of those days as draft evasion. Some of those who opposed the war were driven by the fact that as Johnsons policy escalated, more and more young people were drafted into the armed functions and sent to Vietnam. By 1967, half of the military servants were draftees. By 1969, more than the half of all combat deaths were draftees. These were extr emely discouraging data. I cannot but stress that no other war produced so much opposition to the draft. This fear was partially caused by its unfairness. Until 1968 senior students were entitled to defer military service by the time they finished their study. Another fact that evoked our rejection was the class injustice many young middle-class men joined the National Guard and Reserves on the likely gamble that they would not be called up for duty in Southeast Asia.Consequently, the Vietnam War appeared to many to be a wage-earning war. There was a disproportion in numbers of draftees and enlisted men who mostly came from blue-collar class. During the war a lot of my male contemporaries preferred exile to Canada and Sweden to avoid the draft. The prospect of the draft also served as impetus for eligible guys to start family and have children, or continue their education. As it could have been expected increasing draft resistance took form of civil disobedience and severe discipl ine problems. The poorly motivated behavior of militants in the field made the government think of dramatic reform. The president Nixon established a lottery dodge trying to make the draft system at least a little fairer. But we took it as a cynical joke. In September 1971, Nixons proposal for All-Volunteer Force was passed by Congress, and in July 1973, Nixon all over the draft.Fight for you right There is one important figure whom I cannot skip in my story of public protests. I am speaking about Martin Luther King. King started his social discussion attacking segregation as he hopscotched the nation. Later King attempted not only to achieve civil rights, but also to stop the Vietnam War and to eliminate American poverty. On 4 April 1968, an assassins lick killed Martin Luther King Jr. riots exploded in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and elsewhere. Another horrible assassination occurred the same year. In June, Robert Kennedy, John Kennedys brother and a presidential candidate in h is own right, was shot and killed in Los Angeles. These tremendous events considerably undermine governments credibility in our minds.Nonetheless, no assassinations could stop public protests which did their dividing line gradually. The antiwar movement dramatically affected our national domestic policy. After 35,000 mostly young people attack the Pentagon on 2122 October 1967, Lyndon Johnson launched a public relations campaign that emphasized how well the war was going.When the Communists of the North Vietnam launched their seemingly successful nationwide Tet Offensive on 30 January 1968, most of us felt that we had been deceived by our own government. It caused even more severe protests. That widespread public disaffection led to Johnsons decision on 31 March 1968 not to escalate further and not to stand for reelection. We carried our point and finally a man who had initiated war in Vietnam stopped being our president.Cultural RevolutionAs I already mentioned at the beginning our society was split in terms of political views. The divisions were heathen and generational too. A youthful counterculture expressed its alienation in more open sexuality, free fill out long hair, and cast-off clothing rock music, the Beatles, Bob Dylan, the Doors and Rolling Stones and marijuana and other consciousness-altering substances. At Woodstock, New York, in August 1969 I witnessed the greatest youth gathering. About half a million of young people stayed there for a three-day music festival, laced with political and cultural protest.What we may concludeAs you can see from my story the Vietnam War Era was a complicated period for our society from which I hope it had derived correct conclusions. In my point of view these conclusions can be expressed by one sentence Win quickly or stay out. Regardless of the camp to which you belong to those accenting the former or to those emphasizing the latter, you should feel that you are a part of one nation. I believe that the memor ial near which we are staying now will help us remember this simple principle.BibliographyGeorge C. Herring, Americas lifelong War The United States and Vietnam, 19501975, 2nd ed. New York, 1986.

Transcendendalist theories and beliefs, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, transcendentalism today Essay Example for Free

Transcendendalist theories and beliefs, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, transcendentalism today EssayIn the world of Ralph Waldo Emerson, nothing is more simple than greatness, to be simple is to be great. Emerson believed in simplifying life, he believed that the little possessions a person had the less they had to worry about. He developed a new and creative course of philosophy titled transcendentalism. Transcendentalism dealt with insureing joy in nature, simplicity, and individualism.Simplicity is the state of being simple, uncomplicated, or uncompounded. Simplifying life cuts clog up on stress and worries. Whats the point in owning 50 pairs of shoes, when all that is really indispensable is 1 good pair that can be worn every day? Simplifying life cuts back on unnecessary items, there fore cutting back on stress. Today people are more materialistic then ever. They need everything and will buy anything. People forget that man progress tos possessions, possessions dont make the man.To be an individual means to strike off on ones own path. To not dramatize in the footsteps of others, theres no fun in doing what everybody else does. Transcendentalism urges people to take their destiny by the hand and follow it wherever it should lead them, for they will receive true enlightenment and fulfillment in life. If everybody just did the akin thing the world would be a very boring place, everyone was created different for a reason. Emerson and Thoreau lived in a very traditional sort of society, however, the times have changed. Today so much more is accept people are no longer afraid to be individuals. If a person wants to dye their pig pink, pierce their face 17 times and get 45 tattoos, nobody really cares. Now years people can express their individual personalities without fear.Thoreau felt that a man could only really find himself by looking to nature, and the great outdoors. For a year he actually moved out into the center of the woods just to be at peace with himself and live off the land. However that would be material body of difficult to do these days unless one already owns the land, and pays taxes. In recent times people stock-still love nature, they love to get a guidance to the great outdoors for a weekend of camping, or fishing, or a day at the beach.In conclusion, transcendentalism is a very unique and different way of thinking. Yet it is still the way human beings naturally act, they love nature, and they are all created as individuals. People, however, are somewhat greedy and materialistic by nature, they have basic needs. This way of thinking is very direful and hopefully will not disappear anytime soon.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Female characters Essay Example for Free

Female reputations turn asideThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a novel published in 2003 which tells the story of emeer, a untested Afghanistani boy with a traumatic past, a guilty conscience, a war-stricken homeland and a broken in future. The Kite Runner explores many diametric issues throughout the novel iodine such issue is the federal agency of females. Females can be seen as material goods, and are often sayn as marginalized, weak, demeaned, and subject to many twin standards in todays society, and throughout earlier history. The Kite Runner shows the idea of female mental representation through the maturation and construction of make and female characters, combined with the tackting and culture in the novel. The idea of marginalized female representation is excessively shown in other texts such as A Lot to Learn, and hamlet, all of which used character construction to portray these ideas. The Kite Runner portrays the idea of females as world marginal ized in many different cases. There are only two females that have any backstory or focus in the bulk The Kite RunnerAmirs wife Soraya, and Sorayas mother.Hassans wife is also menti id briefly. The fact that women are non focused on, and barely mentioned in the novel also show that in Afghan culture, women do non play a large role, they simply blend into the background and do as they are told. Hassans wife, Farzana, is described as a shy fair sex, romanceeous, and spoke in a illustration just barely higher than a whisper. It seems that she cooks, cleans, and does just about of the basic theatre of operationswork. The fact that she is so shy, civilised, and unagitated shows how women have been brought up in this culture.Farzana has been brought up to obey men, and to speak only when spoken to, to be polite and courteous, and to al counsels be virtuous. The only time Farzana stood up for herself, and her family, was when Hassan was breeze by the Taliban. She came screaming a nd attacked them and the Taliban promptly shot her. The fact that the men could so considerably and quickly shoot a woman, who was simply defending her house and family, shows again the port that women may be seen as virtually worthless in the Afghan society. Soraya Taheri, Amirs wife, on the other hand, was the complete opposite of Farzana.When we first meet Soraya, she is described as a slim-hipped beauty, decent, hardworking and kind, with a princess-like beauty to her, and she speaks with self-reliance, which is unlike all of the other Afghan women described in the story. Soraya has a past that she, and everyone around her, is ashamed of. aft(prenominal) arriving in America, Soraya saw the care-free environment, the way that women were accepted, and Soraya cognise that maybe she herself could have independence too. Soraya ran away to Virginia at the age of 18 she was rebellious, she entangle that she should be allowed to be independent.When she returns to her family and m oves to California, the rumours spread like wildfire. All of the Afghanis here about Sorayas shameful act, and everyplace she goes, whispers follow her. No suitable suitors appear at her doorstep, and no one forgets her mistake. Its so piece of ass unfair, she says, and it truly is. A double standard in this society, where the men can do whatsoever they please and no one does a god damn thing, and when a woman does something of the similar nature, they are shunned. There is a small amount of talk about Babas wife, who died giving endure to Amir.The Afghan community claimed that Baba would never be able to marry a woman like her she was virtuous, clever, canvas at university, and to to pit all off, she was of royal blood. Baba finally does marry this woman though, and refers to her as his princess. The way that this marriage ceremony is described accentuates the idea that men want women the way they would want material goods. The marriages are described almost as if the men are simply picking an object, and showing said object off to the world. Gertrude is seen as unequal to the the almost all-male cast.Gertrude is a female character from Shakespeares famous play Hamlet. The play is set in Denmark, early 14th century, and tells the story of a young prince, Hamlet, who gets a visit from his dead commences ghost, and realizes that not all is right in the state of Denmark. Gertrude is Hamlets mother, and the queen of Denmark. After the death of her husband King Hamlet, Gertrude quickly remarries to the Kings brother Claudius. Hamlet depicts this sudden remarriage as betrayal, unfaithfulness, and the breaking of sacred vows.He feels disgusted that his mother would grieve so little, and move on so fast, and hatred for his mother cosmoss to grow. The play Hamlet has been created so that we, as readers, see Hamlets file of view, but we do not see the way that the other characters think. I believe that this sudden remarriage was not simply because Gertrude was seduced, but because Gertrude could not hold her position of power without a male by her side. If we had Gertrudes side of the story, I think we would realize that there were other motives to Gertrudes marriage to Claudius.Gertrude could not liberation the state of Denmark, or even the castle, without a man in power with her in the time Hamlet was set in, women were often demeaned, and were never seen as equals. To keep the state functioning as a whole, Gertrude realized she would need a new king to rule. Gertrude also may have realized how easy it would be for another(prenominal) man to take advantage if they controlled Gertrude, they could control the state. Her marriage to Claudius at least guaranteed that the state was contain by someone she trusted and could see as a ruler.None of these ideas were explicitly stated, because Gertrude was never really given a chance to defend herself and her actions, due to Hamlet being the focus of the story. Frailty, thy name is woman, Ha mlet says, referring to poor Gertrude. He refers to the way that Gertrude was moulded so quickly to anothers will, the way her confidence faltered so soon, and how weak Gertrude really was. Hamlet is a character that has no respect for women. He holds a grudge against his mother, and as the play progresses, these dark feelings that he feels towards his mother grow stronger.Hamlet starts to feel so strongly to his mother betraying him, that he starts to apply this idea to all women, even weak Ophelia. He seems to be under the mold that, though women are frail, weak, and delicate, all women deceive and take part in treachery. He does love Ophelia, but in the end, he feels that Ophelia would betray him, as all women do. He is applying a pigeonhole to all women, saying that they are will of weak and physical being, and treacherous at heart. Ophelia is also doted on quite a lot by her father and brother.Both men lecture Ophelia about staying virtuous, model her not to lose her heart, but this is, again, a double standard. Laertes especially is being quite the hypocrite, since he, as a young man, would have been messing around with many young lady friends, and not had it held against him since it was socially accepted for men. Polonius also lectures Ophelia to keep her chastity, and talks to her as one would talk to a young minor. He depicts Ophelia as being weak, innocent, nothing much than a child, and often gloats to the King Claudius about how dutiful and obedient Ophelia is as a daughter, as if she has no will of her own.He seems to be mortify her, without even consciously meaning to, and Ophelia takes no offense to it in that day and age, young ladys were simply brought up to accept it. The object Ophelia, Hamlet refers to Ophelia at one point. He says this the way he would say the object of his affections. He seems to be referring, thus far again, to material goods, to objects, as if Ophelia is simply another prize he can add to his trophy cabinet. He also uses a great deal of sexual innuendos when around Ophelia, but neither Ophelia or any other members of the court find it offensive or out of context.He lays his head upon her lap and whispers comments that are obviously fashioning her uncomfortable, but Ophelia never objects, simply because it was normal for women to be taken advantage of. Just like Ophelia being referred to as an object, the before long story A Lot to Learn depicts an innocent girl as yet another material good. A Lot to Learn is a story about Ned Quinn, a scientist that has created the Materializer, a large machine that can create anything at the push of a button. The story tells the tale of Ned experimenting with the machine, and deficiency for a girl.Before Ned mutters the rule book girl, he wishes for money, then a martini, then beer. These are two stereotypical goods that a person would probably wish for if he could have anything money and alcohol. When Ned wishes for this girl, by and by wishing for two in-demand material goods, he seems to be sending a subtle message that maybe he sees women as nothing more than objects of desire, yet another material good instead of a sentient being. If his experiment was a success, Ned would most likely hold on to this girl the way one would hold onto a trophy a record of his achievements, simply for memories sake.The idea of being nothing more than an object is terribly demeaning, and another show of dominance from males. Women are very subtly discriminated and marginalized in this short story. As well as the idea of the girl being simply an object, Ned seems to be under the impression that this girl would obey him. Before wishing for a girl, Ned did not stop to think that maybe the girl would scream, or run in terror, or struggle he simply assumed that the girl that appeared would obey. This is a show of Ned believing that women are weak both physically and mentally.This shows an immediate message about dominance, the way that Ned belie ves that this girl would do exactly as he wished. He seemed to be under the impression that because he was a man, he is strong, powerful, and has a sense of dignity and respect, therefor meaning that the woman that he judge to appear would simply obey. Ned seems to be very confident in himself and his invention. Though he is nervous as he wishes for each new object, he seems to be under the impression that everything will turn out fine. Ned comes across a slight hitch, however, when he mutters the word girl.In our society today, the word girl often refers to woman, not literally a girl or child. Its a misconception, just a word in our culture that has developed to mean something else from the original meaning. Ned obviously does not want the small, innocent child that appears in the machine, as he curses Hell . Referring to a woman as girl is almost demeaning in a way. The fact that Ned wishes for a girl as well is slightly disturbing. Upon reading it, most people would immediately assume that Ned wants this girl for nefarious purposes, to fulfil a fantasy or something of that drift.This is another symbol of the female representation being marginalized, shoved aside as the weaker gender. All of these different characters from these three stories easily show the idea of females being marginalized and disenfranchised. Characters such as Ned Quinn, Hamlet, and General Sahib are constructed to be dominant over the female characters. The settings and culture, when combined with these strong male characters, show the many double-standards that exist between females and males, and also show the idea of females being represented as trophy objects.

Friday, April 12, 2019

Personal Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Personal Responsibility EssayAn single(a) has a duty to look after self. This is achievable through maintaining a certain level of adjoin and cultivating in the ways of caring for self. A human being has esteem needs which need to be maintained in order to feel whole and complete. The variables in individualised responsibleness occur in wholeness self and their decision to accept themselves as they atomic number 18. The focus on personal responsibility engages an exclusive to be confident in personal affairs as well as life. Personal responsibility is a commitment to the application of the issues ane has an individual dedication to undertake.One ought to believe in individual ability to follow the panoramas of personal responsibility. This is portrayed by individuals when they uphold the mission and goals in their lives . When one sets a target in life, following it is a choice and one choosing not to give up is a commitment in the responsibility of that persons life. Persisting and not giving up in a persons responsibility is a property of commitment and dedication in ones life. The aspect of applying all the energy one may have is a reflection of the areas where one is being responsible to accommodate the pressure in.Therefore, dedication to excellence and doing the good things in life for phylogenesis of self is a reflection of personal responsibility. When an individual is concentrating on do life comfortable and making it pleasing, the level of commitment is certainly high. Individuals morals and decision making which may be hard to make are examples of commitment to ones personal values, which is a responsibility to self. The kitchen stove that one commits to portray to the society is cultivated inside, hence it is a detail to show dedication to personal growth and respect.Personal responsibility gives a positive growth to life when an individual has the obligation and whimsey that they have a direction to make it. Personal responsibil ity instills values in an individual that are very helpful in their life. Through personal responsibility, an individual will learn how to be determine and never back down to obstacles. This is a positive experience when difficult situations come up. Courage and self determination are portrayed in an individual. One obtains trust with self and with other pack by maintaining a level of self responsibility.The way one portrays these aspects with confidence is the same way the other people will acknowledge them. Personal responsibility gives one power and the confidence to accept responsibilities in the dissimilar disciplines in life that may arise. It is a great influence of the decisions we make. This shows other people that we are mature people and can be bestowed roles of responsibility and positions for us to take care of. Personal responsibility refers to the aspect in which individuals are in charge of themselves and their lives, taking care of the way they think and feel.Th is involves being implicated more about their affairs, self satisfaction and comfort ability. Maintaining a mental and physical healthy and carry on clear emotions and treating oneself with respect is essential in achieving personal responsibility. This obligation to oneself causes individuals to be accountable to their lives and forces them to put across some conditions or rules in their lives. The achievement of goals is triggered by some of these rules. Responsibility of self is paramount in ensuring the achievement of a positive living attitude.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

The Magnificent World of Coffee Essay Example for Free

The Magnificent domain of a function of Coffee EssayWhen you wake up in the morning and you do NOT feel the likes of P. Diddy sometimes wholly you need is a big ole cup of coffee to jump-start your day. Coffee has asleep(p) by many different names, wakey juice, mud, plasma, go juice, jo, cuppa, the daily grind and brewtus. However, unlike the many names all over the years, the feeling of the warm and welcoming liquids filling every inch of your body willing always indorse the test of time. Waking up can be the ultimate struggle. Just imagine a modal(prenominal) morning, lying in bed, dreading having to get up from the toasty little nest of pillows and blankets, look starting to close once more drifting in and come on of sleep and then, the sweet aroma of fresh coffee beans being fuzee up make their way around the house, leaving neither room nor corner untouched by its delicious essence.Coffee can drive even the sleepiest bear out of slumber purely by its intoxicating s cent. But nothing can compare to that first off sip. How the hot liquid tickles the tongue, and slides down the throat, making sure to send shock waves everywhere, ultimately exploding passim the body. Squinting through barely opened eyes, the nap of the richly dark contents pouring from the pot to the mug sends shocks throughout your body. Raising the mug up, eyes tightly closed, the smell travels up the nose. The strong scent immediately opens the senses and gets the blood running. The first sip does not disappoint. As expected, the hot liquid tickles the tongue, slides down the throat, making sure to send shock waves everywhere, and finally explodes throughout the body.The world has come alive. Most coffee beans come from Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa and South Asia. With only seventy countries in total harvesting coffee beans around the world, it has become the most traded good, agriculturally speaking. This just goes to show how essential coffee is in daily life. In fact, coffee is the most-consumed beverage worldwide. Just in America alone there are 100 million people who have had a cup of coffee this morning, 68% having their first cup within the first hour of being awake. Whether the coffee is homemade or bought from Starbucks, all coffee enthusiasts agree that they need that jump-start in the morning.Now imagine waking up, lying in bed all cozied up in a little nest of pillows and blankets, but something is off. Crawling out of bed, feet dragging, lumbering like a zombie towards the kitchen but wait, where is the delicious aroma of that highly anticipated and routinely drunk morning coffee? Where is the divine sound of the coffee beans being ground up as the pot fills to the brim with that hot liquid that tickles the tongue, and slides down the throat, making sure to send shock waves everywhere, where it finally explodes throughout the body?The day, officially ruined, creates the tragic world that is without coffee. To the hundreds of mil lions of coffee potableers, it is not just a drink that wakes them up but a tradition, a way of life, a gateway into adulthood. No matter what the first cup of coffee was, no matter what it was called, no matter where it was from, no matter whether it was enjoyed or not, everyone will always remember what the first sip was like.

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Diffusion and osmosis lab Essay Example for Free

Diffusion and osmosis lab EssayWhat happened to the unity, the starch, the glucose and the peeing in your experiment? Explain which molecules did/did not cross the membrane and in which direction they prodd. Substance omen Results Starch Starch will stay in the cubicleulose tubing The results were correct Glucose Glucose will defuse and move bulge The results were correct Iodine The iodine will change color The results were correct 2. Did the results of your experiment accept or dis halt with your prediction?Why or why not? My results agreed with my prediction because the starch, glucose and iodine stayed in the cellulose tubing, or the weewee changed color. 3. Considering your observations, suggest an explanation for the results of your experiment. What assumptions did you make about the nature of the membrane? The cell contains what enters. Small molecules can quickly go through and out of the cell. Meaning the small molecule bottom through the movement of osmosis. L ab 2 ELODEAObjective To demonstrate and explain effects of osmosis across a living membrane. 1. What changes took place in the Elodea cell after salt water is added? Did these changes agree or disagree with your prediction? Why or why or not? When the salt was added to the water it caused the water concentration to lessen but the solute to increase. There are more water molecules going out of the cell than in the cell the cell membrane began to shrink known as dehydration. 2.Explain, in detail, the process that caused these changes to occur. The elodea would not be able to live in salt-water environment because there is a great concentration of the water in the cell. When there is salt in the cell, it would die. 3. Is this process reversible? If so, describe how you would overrule it? Yes, I think this process is reversible. You would have more of a salt solution then a water solution. Then you would add the water to the concentration then it will be revered

Sunday, April 7, 2019

The Fiftieth Gate Essay Example for Free

The Fiftieth Gate EssayIt is the interplay of both history and memory, which allows us to gain empathetic arrangement of Truth. History is factual, and traditionally objective, yet is subject to bias and control. It sacknot reveal the frankness of human experience, as it relies on facts, lists and statistics the need for memory arises. Memory is a composition of personal perspectives which can be deemed subjective, yet challenges historys authority and rationalism. Combined, history and memory generate a muscular tool when assessing the past, as explored in Mark Bakers The Fiftieth Gate. Baker uses pass on selections of documents and personal accounts from his parents, with stylistic features and representational methods, to create a rounded understanding of the Holocaust. The Sydney Jewish Museum similarly employs a range of representational methods and medians to present history and memory, in order to gain a complete understanding of the truth. History is evidently used a s an important framework for events throughout The Fiftieth Gate, victimization fates and chronological order, 12th of December. The use of dates validates memory within the text.History, on its own, is seen as not potent in determining the truth as it is written from a historians collaboration of documented evidence, which is unstructured. Connotations chaos and drop of direction are clear as Bakers documents lay strewn across the floor dismembered speech bits and pieces this is highlighting the need for deliberate selection of documented evidence. This bias, throughout The Fiftieth Gate, is emphasized as a historical document written by the Germans, who completely disregard the millions of murders ofThe ellipses following the conclusion of the poesy tell him that i symbolizes an unfinished story and allows the responder to assume it is ambiguous in subject, relating to all Jews and the horrors undergo collectively. Such a portrayal of this idea of courage and survival depict ed throughout a ghostlike element of poetry (commonly referred to as food for the soul) cannot be depicted throughout only documented fact, as although the approximate number of survivors is known, this figure gives no insight into the immense struggle for life experienced by thousands.

The Global Hunt for Edward Snowden Essay Example for Free

The Global Hunt for Edward Snowden EssayThe wild outflow of the fugitive leaker from Hong Kong to the transit atomic number 18a of Moscows Sherymetyvo Airport, and perhaps on to Ecuador has turned into a reality humiliation for the White House. U.S. officials publicly threatened consequences if Snowden wasnt returned, only to be openly rebuffed by Chinese officials and Russias Vladimir Putin. This made embarrassingly clear how little leverage President Obama has in Moscow or Beijing (and how much wiser it would have been to request Snowdens return in private). Most disturbing, the Snowden affair has enabled whatsoever of the worlds worst human rights offenders to portray themselves as champions of freedom by defending Snowden spot denouncing America as a massive violator of rights.Chinas Xinhua news agency brand the United States as the biggest (cyber) villain in our age. Russian parliamentarians did likewise. You might think that such self-righteous claims would be dismiss ed as political posturing. Yet in todays world, with Americas envision sullied by Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo, and by our paralyzed politics, these charges kindle find a receptive audience, not only oversea but at home.So lets look at the records of the countries that argon offering Snowden the great support.For starters, there is something bizarre about the list. While Snowden claims to be defending personal freedoms, he has sought hold dear from egregious violators of human rights, including China, Russia, Cuba, Venezuela and Ecuador. Whatever his motives, this lends an air of hypocrisy to his claims.He took refuge in Hong Kong, which is part of China, whose leaders control the countrys Internet portals, block content and monitor individual access. The Chinese illegalize print and electronic media and have the largest recorded number of imprisoned journalists and cyber-dissidents in the world, according to Amnesty International. Chinese government hackers have conducted massiv e commercial and military espionage in the United States (and presumably elsewhere) and even breached Googles computers.Beijing is obviously delighted that it piece of ass fend off U.S. complaints by claiming America does likewise. Such charges are bogus and they know it. Whatever your opinion about the National Security Agencys watchfulness programs, the fact is that Congress OKd them and set up special courts to monitor them. The U.S. public can debate whether the controls should be tightened, and demand change.In China, no Congress or courts govern surveillance nor can Chinese citizens oppose it. Government hackers break into the software of international companies such as Apple to eliminate industrial secrets on a massive scale. As Obama noted, thats not normal intelligence assemblage thats theft.Then theres Russia, where the state controls all major newspapers and national TV networks, which are still the major news source for the bulk of the population. Journalists are beaten up or murdered, and the perpetrators, conveniently, are never found. Political dissenters are cowed, arrested, or driven into exile.So when Putin praises Snowden as a human rights activistic who struggles for freedom of information, its hard not to gag. Any Russian who did similarly would wind up in the gulag or worse.Snowdens final destination possibly Ecuador via Venezuela is equally odd for a defender of freedom. As pointed out by Bill Sweeney, editorial director of the Committee to Protect Journalists, Venezuela has shut down breakaway broadcasters via a system of politicized regulations.As for Ecuador, its populist president, Rafael Correa, has criminalized reporting that is critical of his government and prosecuted journalists who attempt it.That brings us to the essence of the matter. Snowdens saviors have seized a delicious opportunity to deflect U.S. criticism of their own cyberattacks and rights violations by brand the United States as the real sinner. Dogged by images from Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo, Washington has become an easy target. Even some allies have tired of Americas human rights demands (which are readily ignored when strategical concerns trump them, as in Syria).So, critics of American hubris may cheer when Putin praises Snowden or when the Peoples day by day proclaims that Snowden tore off Washingtons sanctimonious mask. Its necessary to remind them The countries helping Snowden arent doing so because they dislike spying. On the contrary. They dont want limits on their own surveillance, just on ours.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Good Will Hunting Essay Example for Free

Good leave alone Hunting EssaySometimes our old loafer cause pain that doesnt allow us to trust others. People we trust lot cause us to put up a wall and look to other things for comfort. In the movie, leave Hunting found his comfort in books. Will Hunting needed a hearty familiarity to help him open up his mind in order to discover that there is more to smell than living through the books he reads. In the movie, there are four main characters, each antithetical in many ways, that form individual friendships in the movie. One of the characters, Will Hunting works as a janitor at a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is a foster squirt and is living life through his experience in books and lacks real life completeledge. This is holding him back from sightly intimate with anyone. While working there he sometimes writes on the schools math department blackboard and is concisely discovered as a genius. Will gets caught fighting and is arrested and in leau o f incarceration is put under the supervision of Gerald Lambeau, who attended and is now a professor at MIT. Under his supervision, per hook order he must see a therapist and stay out of any trouble. Sean Maguire is a professor at a local community college and also grew up in the similar town as Will and went to MIT.He is Wills therapist and in the sessions challenges him to open up and weaken living life through a book. A friendship develops and Sean tries to guide him to break his fear of intimacy. Chuckie Sullivan is a character in the movie that Will refers to as his brother. Chuckie is a nice guy with an aggressive military position from being brought up in the rough side of Southie, Boston. Then there is a girl named Skylar, wily with a British accent and goes to Harvard University. She gets involved with Will Hunting and soon asks him to move with her to California where she forget be attending at Stanfords medical school program. Unfortunately, fear of intimacy prevent s him from forming a kindred with her and breaks this friendship apart. Eventually, Will starts to see his straight friendships with Chuckie, Sean and Skylar and starts to open up.He begins to trust others and takes a risk at experiencing life first hand outside the covers of a book. Will Hunting came from poverty, raised as a foster child in Southie. He didnt trust people because he always looked at every angle of the relationship and assumed that in the end they wouldnt be there for him. professor Gerald Lambeau, who took pride in himself because of a Field Medals award which granted him globe status, comes around to try to plant a friendship with Will. Will soon realizes that Gerald is using him to gain social status, public recognition and to shed light on his difficult math problems. He then ends his relationship with Gerald because of his intensions. Then Sean, seeing what his former classmate, Gerald, was up to, soon becomes more than just Wills therapist. Sean becomes a friend and tries to prevent Will from taking the same path as Gerald by only wanting social recognition.As Wills Friend, Sean didnt want him to fail. He wanted Will to succeed in life and take a prognosis and not just live it through a book. The doctor-patient relationship soon becomes a very pen up friendship. Towards the end of the movie Will leaves a note for Sean, I had to see about a girl, this was a quote from Seans story of his courtship with his wife. This lets Sean know he had decided to take a happening on life and to attempt to form a lasting relationship with someone he could trust. Wills brother Chuckie, who is really Wills best friend, also wanted him to succeed in life. He tries to encourage Will to take a chance in living a real life and tells Will, You know what the best part of my day is? Its for about ten seconds when I take out up to the curb to when I get to your door.Because I think maybe Ill get up there and Ill knock on the door and you wont be there. N o goodbye, no see you later, no nothing. Just left. I dont know much, but I know that. Will then sees that Chuckie might have a point and takes his friends advice. A a couple of(prenominal) people come into Wills life, some for real friendships and some just to gain public status. After discovering his true friendships, Will begins to enjoy their company and wants them in his life. He begins to build relationships he can count on. He is willing to take a chance and succeed in life and relationships, no longer needing books to fulfill this for him. He finally decides to trust and to look at the positive things life has to offer. On his 21st birthday, with the car, Chuckie and his other friends gave him, he packs up to head to California to pursue life. In the end, Will finds true friendships and decides to live his life outside of just a book.

Friday, April 5, 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries

embodied friendly course in Developing Countries unified favorable Responsibility in evolution countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as India using Tata Nano as a case study1. IntroductionA comp whatsoevers main pipeline fair game is maximisation of shargon p onlybe atomic number 18rs wealth by means of achieving gameyer profit. Business managers ar entrusted with sh atomic lean 18holders m unmatchedy so that they could safari the company efficiently and profitably. accord to Sloan (1964) the st valuategic aim of a bank line is to earn a buckle under on capital and if any particular case the return in the long flow is non satis incidentory, then the deficiency should be corrected or the activity aban dod for a to a greater extent gilt one. This proposes that companies atomic number 18 run for profit motives and this should be the top intimately priority of any heed. in time globalization has brought ab push by a change in notion c at a timerning the bank l ine objective of any company, arguments atomic number 18 beingness put forward that the vexation activities must guide on into account tilter and amicable welfargon. harmonize to barb Drucker (1954), the prefaceprise is an organ of society and its actions conduct a decisive impaction on the well-disposed scene. It is thence important for management to realize that it must consider the impact of each commercial enterprise indemnity and air actions upon society. It has to consider whether the action is uniformly to promote the public good, to advance the basic belief of society, to set up to its stability, vividness and harmony.A worry enterprise is a major(ip)(ip) user of nature, society and environs thereof it must be answerable towards their protection and development. Depletion of natural resources and causes like global warming has brought a dissever attention to the sustainable use of these resources and companies be going to play a major component par t in ensuring this. So this marks a shift in the company objective that no long-life apprise they unaccompanied be guided by the sole aim of making profit just they should be take actions to ensure the social welfargon of the society in which they operate. This brings out the concept of integrated neighborly Responsibility Corporations acting as citizens of a society in a trusty manner ensuring the salubrious beings of early(a)s in the society. The Inter content Standards Organisation (ISO) describes CSR as a balanced hail for organisations to address sparing, accessible and environmental come forwards in a way that aims to benefit people, corporation and society (ISO, 2002).1.1 Rationale behind the ResearchCorporate genial responsibleness has gained far-flung attention in most veritable countries policies practices argon being create by corporations to abide by standards of environment defilement, use of human capital etc. However in little real countries thi s is not a much heard or handd topic. According to Steiner Steiner (2000), In little developed countries there is often no indigenous sense of collective debt instrument. There ar a serve of loopholes in the system and business activities are not often concentrated on human/ kindly welfare. Austin (1990) argues that the extremity and pervasiveness of p overty in slight developed countries places a limited certificate of indebtedness on business, as a vehicle for creating scotch progress that leave alone help whollyeviate this deprivation.With development economies a lot of importance is condition to industrial upliftment and that might come at a salute of neighborly welfare or benefit. This look for aims to direct the CSR policies and practices being in use in develop countries such as India with a special reference to TATA Nano.India is a maturation country which has recorded a product rate of much than 9% for 3 years upto 2008 and has seen a decade of 7% gr owth. (www.stintingshelp.org accessed on tenth January 2010). In spite of the global economic slowd avow is slated to grow at more or less 7.5% for this year (2010). The speedy growth in economy has increased the standards of alimentation and has created huge disposable income among Indians. The automobile manu incidenturers are taking advantage of this huge growth and are coming up with discordant models to tap into this maturement market. TATA one of the most reputed business firms of India perk up come up with a car called TATA Nano which is slated to be the cheapest car in the world. The price is kept at $2500 which is equivalent to 100,000 INR. The objective behind this to make four wheelers operable to every common man in India this is touted to be a very big success. I bedevil my own reservations concerning it what if masses mickle afford this car, will it not increase the fuel consumption, thereby creating to a greater extent pollution? Will it not put a huge b urden on roads which are already suffering from traffic congestion? This query aims to find out whether TATA is acting in a responsible manner by launching this car.1.2 ObjectivesThe research can be subdivided into four parts1. To identify the solid ground of CSR in growing countries such as India2. To evaluate public awareness concerning tailors such as CSR in India3. To evaluate the impact of TATA Nano on environment, traffic congestion, demand for fuel etc4. To suggest a number of ship canal in which companies in maturation countries can develop frameworks to act in a more(prenominal) responsible manner2. Literature ReviewThere are legion(predicate) ways to classify the literary productions on CSR in development countries i.e. in legal injury of content (thematic write uping), type (epistemological approach), and level ( counseling of analysis). The analysis would be make by each way separately2.1 Content ThemeWe would use the same categorization as Lockett et al. ( 2006) did, the CSR literary works can be categorized into four CSR themes kind, environmental, ethics, and stakeholders. One point that speedyly comes to sprightly by applying this categorization to the lit on CSR is that, in contrast to Lockett et al.s (2006) findings that most CSR articles in top management journals concentrate on on ethical and environmental themes, most scholarly work on CSR in ontogeny countries focuses on the complaisant theme. alike social issues are in general given more policy-making, economic, and media coverage in developing countries than environmental, ethical, or stakeholder issues (Schmidheiny, 2006).2.2 K at a timeledge TypeLockett et al. (2006) had likewise classified the CSR literary works by acquaintance type. He erect even split in the midst of hypothetical and empirical research. Lockett et al. (2006) found that 89% of theoretical CSR text file are non-normative, in the CSR in developing countries literature, the balance is far more evenly split. This is chiefly because proportionally large number of papers on the role of business in development tends to make a normative, precise perspective (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). Also if we see empirical research, there are to a fault goings. According to Lockett et al. (2006), the CSR literature is dominated by quantitative methods (80%), plot of land CSR papers on developing countries are more probably to be qualitative. Most research on CSR in developing countries to date has either reason virtually all developing countries (e.g. Frynas, 2006), or centre at a national level. In cost of generic wine literature, Corporate Citizenship in developing countries (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) is a useful compendium, as are special issues on CSR in developing countries that pass on appeared in the Journal of Corporate Citizenship (issue 24, 2006), International Affairs (81(3), 2005) and Development (47(3), 2004). notwithstanding the focus on countries in th e literature, only about a fifth of all developing countries have had any CSR journal articles published on them. Of these, the most commonly analyzed and written about countries are China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, sulphur Africa, and Thailand. Analysis at a regional level (notably Africa, Asia, and Latin America) is becoming more common, tho papers at the sector, incorporate, or individual level go along relatively scarce.2.3 planetaryMost of the literature concentrates on CSR in a global context and there is very little empirical research on the nature and extent of CSR in developing countries. One notable exception is Baskins (2006) research on the insureed corporate responsibility behavior of 127 leading companies from 21 uphill markets across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and exchange and easterly Europe, which he compares with over 1,700 leading companies in high-income OECD countries. Looking at three generic indicators of CSR, Baskin (2006) finds that emerging market companies have a respectable re exemplifyation in the Dow Jones Sustainability power and appearance rising levels of hire of the world(prenominal) Reporting Initiative and ISO 14001. Baskin (2006) also showed that emerging markets lag the OECD significantly on coverage on business ethics and equal opportunities, are roughly at par on environmental reporting, and show same reporting variance on women on company boards, training and occupational health and rubber . despite the limitations of using reporting as an indicator of CSR performance and the danger of representing regions by just a fewer countries (e.g. only two of the 53 countries in Africa were embarrass in the sample), the Baskin (2006) study does provide rough brainwave into the level of CSR activity in developing countries, concluding thatthere is not a considerable difference in the approach to describe corporate responsibility amongst leading companies in high income OECD countries and their emerging-mar ket peers. Nonetheless, corporate responsibility in emerging markets, while more extensive than commonly believed, is less imbed in corporate strategies, less pervasive and less politically rooted than in most high-income OECD countries (p. 46).2.4 regionalAsia major coverage of the Asia in the field of CSR often focus on China (e.g. Zhuang and Wheale, 2004), India (e.g. Balasubramanian et al., 2005), Indonesia (e.g. Blowfield, 2004), Malaysia (e.g. Zulkifli and Amran, 2006), Pakistan (e.g. Lund-Thomsen, 2004), and Thailand (e.g. Kaufman et al., 2004). Other countries that have had less attention include Bangladesh (Nielsen, 2005), the Pacific Forum Islands (Prasad, 2004), Sri Lanka (Luken and Stares, 2005), and Vietnam (Prieto-Carron, 2006b). Birch and Moon (2004) noted that CSR performance varies greatly between countries in Asia, with a wide range of CSR issues being tackled (e.g. education, environment, employee welfare) and modes of action (e.g. foundations, volunteering, and partnerships). In one of the gaze on CSR reporting in Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) find that nearly three quarters of large companies in India present themselves as having CSR policies and practices versus only a quarter in Indonesia and between these two extremes are Thailand (42%), Malaysia (32%), and the Philippines (30%). They also take off from the research that the evolution of CSR in Asia tends to occur in three waves, first being community fight followed by successive second and third waves of socially responsible production processes and employee relations. In a comparative gaze of CSR in 15 countries across Europe, North America, and Asia, Welford (2005) speculates that the low result rates from countries like Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand whitethorn in itself be an indicator of CSR being less prevalent in developing countries. This seems to be borne out by the research findings, in which these countries fairly consistently underperform when compared wi th developed countries across 20 aspects of CSR careful by the value.AfricaThe literature on CSR in Africa is predominantly ground on sulfur Africa (Visser, 2005a), while other pockets of research exist for Cte DIvoire (e.g. Schrage and Ewing, 2005), passelya (e.g. Dolan and Opondo, 2005), Nigeria (e.g. Amaeshi et al., 2006), Tanzania (e.g. Egels, 2005), and Mali and Zambia (e.g. Hamann et al., 2005). Very few papers are focused on industry sectors, with traditionally high impact sectors like agriculture (e.g. Blowfield, 2003), mining (e.g. Kapelus, 2002), and petrochemicals (e.g. Acutt et al., 2004) featuring most prominently. two of the take up sources of literature on Africa are Corporate Citizenship in Africa (Visser et al., 2006) and the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Africa (issue 18, summer 2005). The latter concludes that academic institutions and researchers focusing specifically on corporate citizenship in Africa remain few and under-develo ped (Visser et al., 2005 19). This is confirmed by a review of the CSR literature on Africa between 1995 and 2005 (Visser, 2006a), which found that that only 12 of Africas 53 countries have had any research published in core CSR journals, with 57% of all articles focused on randomness Africa and 16% on Nigeria. The latter partly chew overs the high media compose generated around corporate citizenship issues and the petrochemical sector, especially focused on showcase and their impacts on the Ogoni people (Ite, 2004). Economic and good-hearted aspects of CSR, sooner than the legal and ethical responsibilities, will continue to dominate CSR conceptualization and practice in Africa (Visser, 2007).Corporate social responsibility in in the south America is not as much covered root as other underdeveloped countries (Haslam, 2007), the focus has been mainly concentrated on Argentina (e.g. Newell and Muro, 2006), Brazil (e.g. Vivarta and Canela, 2006) and Mexico (e.g. Weyzig, 2006), although Nicaragua (Prieto-Carron, 2006a) and Venezuela (Peindado-Vara, 2006) also feature. De Oliveira in 2006 has noted that the Corporate social responsibility agenda in southernmost America has been severely influenced by socio-economic and political conditions, which have invariably led to problems like, unemployment, in- equality, and crime. Schmidheiny has in 2006 stated that Corporate social responsibility has ushered a positive effect in southern America. The wind towards increasing CSR in the region has been largely upward. For representative, Correa et al. has report in his article in 2004 that by 2004 there were thousand South American companies which were division of transcription called EMPRESA (the hemisphere-wide CSR network), round other three s now companies were members of the homo Business Council for Sustainable Development, also another 14 hundred had obtained ISO 14001 certification, and one hundred eighteen had signed UN Global Compact.2.5 Motivat ionsUntil now we have classified the CSR literature on a regional level. To further see the difference between the CSR in developing countries and developed countries we would now isolate motivations for CSR in developing countries, with the help of this we would be able to see why the CSR in developing countries is so unique. Some of the motivations for CSR that I have isolated with the help of literature review are2.5.1 heathenish TraditionThe term CSR has been widely used in western countries and hence there is a widespread believe that CSR is a Western thing tho on the contrary there is certainty that CSR in developing countries has been around for centuries and its man pillar has been deep-rooted indigenous cultural traditions of philanthropy and business ethics. An beautiful mannequin was given by, Visser and Macintosh in 1998 they have quoted that the ethical condemnation of usurious business practices in developing countries that practice Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity dates back thousands of years. Another example was given by Frynas (2006) business practices based on moral principles were advocated by the Indian statesman and philosopher Kautilya in the 4th century BC. If we take South American context, Sanborn (2002), quoted in Logsdon et al. (2006) that varied traditions of community self-help and solidarity stretch back to the regions pre-Hispanic cultures, and include the mutual uphold societies, contend unions and professional associations that emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Logsdon et al.s (2006) stated that One myth is that CSR in Mexico is new, another is that US firms brought CSR to Mexico, and a third is that CSR as practised by Mexican firms simply reflects the CSR patterns and activities of US firms. level off if we take CSR for more modern times I have found that it was heavily influenced by topical anaesthetic culture, Vivess (2006) had conducted survey of over 1,300 enterprises in South America, h is findings were that the regions religious beliefs are one of the major motivations for CSR. Also Nelson (2004) founded that Buddhist traditions in Asia are aligned with CSR. Also for Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) had reached a same conclusion, that CSR does vary intimately among Asian countries but that this variation is not explained by levels of development but by computes in the various(prenominal) national business systems, this was consistent with Birch and Moons (2004) finding in his paper for the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Asia. If we take African the findings are same, Amaeshi et al. (2006) found that CSR in Nigeria is heavily influenced by local socio-cultural influences like communalism, ethnic religious beliefs, and charitable traditions.2.5.2 Political UpheavalCSR in developing countries are heavily influenced by the social and political reforms, which drives business behavior towards integrating social and ethical issues. De Oliveira ( 2006) has argued that the political and associated social and economic changes in Latin America since the 1980s, including democratization, liberalization, and privatization, have shifted the role of business towards taking greater responsibility for social and environmental issues. A recent example can be the case of South Africa, the political changes towards democracy and end of decades of apartheid have been a significant number one wood for CSR, through and through the practice of ameliorate corporate presidential term (Roussouw et al., 2002), collective business action for social upliftment (Fourie and Eloff, 2005) has led to b omit economic sanction (Fig, 2005), and business ethics (Malan, 2005). Visser (2005a) lists more than a dozen examples of socio-economic, environmental, and labor-related legislative reform in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 that have a direct bearing on CSR. Another excellent example can be given of many central and eastern European countries wh ich have been recently inducted into European Union, these countries have now shifted towards CSR .(Baskin, 2006).2.5.3 Social and Economic ConditionsIt is often said that the CSR in developing countries is directly shaped by the social conditions and economic environment present in the country in which firms operate and the development priorities this creates. Amaeshi et al. (2006), had argued that CSR in Nigeria is specifically aimed at addressing the socio-economic development challenges of the country, including poverty alleviation, health-care provision, infrastructure development, and education. This, they argue, stands in stark contrast to many Western CSR priorities such as consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, or socially responsible investments. Schmidheiny (2006) had questioned the appropriateness of overseas CSR approaches, citing examples from South America, where the most important issues like poverty, illiteracy, crime and tax avo idance are not included in the CSR conceptions in developed countries, but if we consider locally developed CSR approaches, then they are most probably to respond to the many local social and environmental problems, such as deforestation, unemployment, income inequality, and crime (De Oliveira, 2006).2.5.4 curt brassCSR can be seen as a form of private or self face or a response to poor governance (Levy and Kaplan, Chapter 19). A particular important aspect of the CSR for developing countries is the fact it is often seen as a way to plug the gaps left by weak, corrupt, or under-resourced regimens that run to adequately provide various social services. Furthermore, as many developing country regime initiatives to rectify brisk conditions falter, proponents of CSR and bottom of the pyramid strategies argue that companies can assume this role. Such proponents of CSR, Blowfield and Frynas (2005) observe, an alternative to government which is a great deal advocated as a means o f filling gaps in governance that have arisen with the acceleration of liberal economic globalization. A survey was conducted by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD 2000) in their report they illustrated that, when asked how CSR should be defined, peoples in Ghana stressed building local capacitance and filling in when government travel short. Moon (2002a) in his paper has argued that, this phenomenon is part of a broader political shift towards new governance or alternate governance approaches, here the local governments are trying to dispense responsibilities and to develop more rough-and-ready modes of operation, the reason may be result of overload or of a view that they do not have a monopoly of solutions for society. This is often in the form of social partnerships with non-profit and for-profit organizations. Moon et al. (2005) has cited this phenomenon as an example of companies acting in a civic republicanism mode. In addition to being encouraged to step in where once only governments acted, through the mechanism of either privatization or welfare reform, Matten and Crane (2005) also suggest that companies enter the arena of citizenship where government has not as yet administered citizenship rights, for example, improving workings conditions in sweatshops, ensuring for employees a living wage, and financing the schooling of child laborers in the absence of legislation requiring this. However, this approach is not without its share of criticism ,Hamann et al. (2005) had argued that CSR is not adequate response to these governance gaps and that more proactive steps involving local government towards office and inclusiveness is necessary. Blowfield and Frynas (2005) had questioned the very logic Is CSR a stepping-stone on the path to better national regulation in developing countries? Or is it part of a longer term project for overcoming the weaknesses of territorially prescribed legal and welfare mechanisms that is, addre ssing the limitations of the nation-state in regulating a global economy? There are also solid questions about the dependencies this governance gap approach to CSR creates, especially where communities move reliant for their social services on companies whose essential accountability is to their shareholders. Hence, multinationals may cut expenditure, or disinvest from a region if the economics dictates that they will be more profitable elsewhere. There is also the issue of perceived complicity between governments and companies, as Shell all too painfully experienced in Nigeria (Ite, 2004).2.5.5 Crisis ResponseCrises associated with developing countries have in the foregone change CSR responses. These crises can come in the form of economic, social, environmental, health-related, or industrial accident. An excellent example was quoted by Newell (2005) that the economic crisis in Argentina in 2001-2 marked a significant go point in CSR, propel debates about the role of busines s in poverty alleviation. Another example can be of climate change (Hoffman, 2005) and HIV/AIDS (Dunfee, 2006) these crises have bought CSR in developing countries into lime-light. Catastrophic events with immediate impact are often more likely to elicit CSR responses, especially of the philanthropic kind. The companys quick response to the Asian tsunami is an excellent case (Fernando, 2007). However, companies can also have negative affect like industrial accidents. Examples include Union Carbides response to the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India (Shrivastava, 1995) and Shells response to the hanging of human rights activist Ken Saro-Wiwa in Nigeria in 1995 (Wheeler et al., 2002).2.5.6 rangeet AccessNot all the intention of the companies in developing the CSR is for good, near companies may also see these unfulfilled human needs as an untapped market. This can be corroborated from the fact that there lies burgeoning literature on bottom of the pyramid strategies, which refer to busin ess models that focus on turning the four billion poor people in the world into consumers (Prahalad and Hammond, 2002 London and Hart, 2004 Rangan et al., 2007). CSR may be working towards enabling companies in developing countries which are trying to access markets in the developed world. An example in this support can be given from, Baskin (2006), he had identified that competitive advantage in world(prenominal) markets as one of the notice drivers for CSR in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, also Arayas (2006) survey of CSR reporting among the top two hundred and fifty companies in South America found that businesses with an multinational gross sales orientation were almost five times more likely to report than companies that sell products regionally or locally. This is has become increasingly relevant as more and more companies from developing countries are pitiful towards globalization and in their effort they need to comply with transnational stock market listing requ irements, including various forms CSR code compliance (Visser, 2005a). The above argument was also stated by Chapple and Moons (2005) study of 7 countries in Asia, which found a strong relationship between outside(a) exposure, either in terms of international sales or foreign ownership, and CSR reporting. CSR is also sometimes used as a partnership approach to creating or developing new markets. Another example in support towards this, is the case of , AED and Mark coaction with Exxon Mobil that has created a viable market for insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Africa, while improving pregnant womens access to these nets, through the oral communication of targeted subsidies (Diara et al., 2004). Similalry, ABB used a partnership approach to CSR to deliver a rural electrification project in Tanzania (Egels, 2005).2.5.7International calibrationThere is a widespread belief that the Western countries has imposed CSR approaches on the global South, but on the contrary there is ampl e evidence present to suggest that CSR codes and standards are a key driver for CSR in developing countries. For example Baskins (2006) survey of CSR practices in emerging markets has indicated towards growing acceptance rate of ISO 14001 and the Global Reporting Initiatives Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. These codes are now used as a CSR response in sectors that are prevalent in developing countries, such as horticulture (Dolan and Opondo, 2005), cocoa (Schrage and Ewing, 2005), and textiles (Kaufman et al., 2004), as well as some social issues in developing countries, like child labor (Kolk and Van Tulder, 2002) or women in the oeuvre (Prieto-Carron, 2004). In general it is seen that CSR is driven by standardization imposed by MNCs in tenor to light upon global consistency among its subsidiaries and operations in developing countries. For example, Chapple and Moon (2005) found that multinational companies are more likely to adopt CSR than those operating solely in their h ome country, but that the profile of their CSR tend to reflect the profile of the country of operation sort of than the country of origin.2.5.8 Investment IncentivesMultinational companies investments in developing countries are generally linked to the social conditions prevalent in those countries (Gabriel, 1972). Now a solar day these investments are being screened for CSR performance. In response to this socially responsible investment (SRI) is becoming a major factor CSR in developing countries. Baskin (2006) had noted that approximately 8% of emerging market companies on the Dow Jones World Index is included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, compared with around 13% of high-income companies. In other developing countries, like South Africa, the SRI trend is well researched (AICC, 2002). The SRI movement in the 1980s had led to the anti-apartheid disinvestment phenomenon, also since 1992, South Africa has introduced twenty SRI notes which continue companies social, ethi cal, and environmental performance (Visser, 2005a). According to research by the African Institute of Corporate Citizenship (AICC) (2002), the coat of the South African SRI market in 2001 was already 1.55% of the total investment market. In an another major development, in May 2004, the Johannesburg Securities Exchange had launched its own tradable SRI Index, the first of its kind in an emerging market (Sonnenberg et al., 2004). A akin(predicate) index was also introduced in Brazil. Closely linked to the literature on SRI in developing countries is the debate about the business case for CSR. Very few instrumental studies have been done, a survey done in Thailand by Connelly and Limpaphayom (2004) had showed that environmental reporting had not negatively impacted on short-term profitableness and has in fact generated a positive relationship with firm valuation. More generally, a report by Sustainability (2002) uses case studies to illustrate various business benefits associated w ith addressing sustainability in developing countries. Furthermore, Goyal (2006) contends that CSR may serve as a signaling device for developing countries seeking to assess foreign direct investment proposals by noncitizen foreign firms.2.5.9 StakeholdersIn general the governmental has not got strong control or preventative laws over the social, ethical, and environmental performance of companies in developing countries, hence in its absence activism by stake- holder groups has become major source of CSR. Lund-Thomsen (2004) had described describes this as an outcome of micro-level struggles between companies and communities over the distribution of social and environmental hazards which are created when global political and economic forces interact with local contexts around the world. In research it was found that there are mainly four kinds of groups namely development agencies (Jenkins, 2005), trade unions (Kaufman et al., 2004), international NGOs (Christian attention, 2005 ), and business associations (WBCSD, 2000) has emerged as the most impotant activists for CSR. These four groups had also provided a support for local NGOs. Another goup has also emerged in recent times namely media, it has also emerged as a key supporter for promoting CSR in developing countries (Vivarta and Canela, 2006). Activism by these groups in developing countries has taken various forms, which was classified by Newell (2001) as courtly regulation, litigation against companies, and international legal instruments. Of these, courtly regulation is perhaps the most common and effective. Bendell (2000) describes this as the scheme that businesses are being regulated by civil society, through the dual effect of negative impacts from betrothal and benefits from quislingism which provides new means for people to hold companies accountable, thereby democratising the economy directly. There are numerous examples of civil regulation in action in the developing world of which Sou th Africa is a rather big case in point (Visser, 2005a). This has manifested itself mainly through community groups challenging companies over whether they are upholding the constitutive(a) rights of citizens. Various land mark cases between 1994 and 2004 suggest that, although civil society still tends to lack capacity and resources in South Africa, this has been an effective strategy. Stakeholder activism has also taken a constructive approach towards back up CSR, through groups like the National Business Initiative and partnerships between business and NGOs. Stakeholder activism can also be a source of criticism of CSR, arguing that it is an inadequate response to the social and environmental challenges of developing countries. The Christian Aid (2005) report Behind the Mask The Real Face of Corporate Social Responsibility epitomizes this critical approach, and may be a driver for an enlarged conception and practice of CSR in developing countries.2.5.10 interpret filament Ma nagementAnotherCorporate Social Responsibility in Developing CountriesCorporate Social Responsibility in Developing CountriesCorporate Social Responsibility in developing countries such as India using Tata Nano as a case study1. IntroductionA companys main business objective is maximisation of shareholders wealth by means of achieving higher profit. Business managers are entrusted with shareholders money so that they could run the company efficiently and profitably. According to Sloan (1964) the strategic aim of a business is to earn a return on capital and if any particular case the return in the long run is not satisfactory, then the deficiency should be corrected or the activity abandoned for a more favourable one. This suggests that companies are run for profit motives and this should be the top most priority of any management.However Globalisation has brought about a change in notion concerning the business objective of any company, arguments are being put forward that the bus iness activities must take into account human and social welfare. According to Peter Drucker (1954), the enterprise is an organ of society and its actions have a decisive impact on the social scene. It is thus important for management to realize that it must consider the impact of every business policy and business actions upon society. It has to consider whether the action is likely to promote the public good, to advance the basic belief of society, to contribute to its stability, strength and harmony.A business enterprise is a major user of nature, society and environment therefore it must be responsible towards their protection and development. Depletion of natural resources and causes like global warming has brought a lot attention to the sustainable use of these resources and companies are going to play a major role in ensuring this. So this marks a shift in the company objective that no longer can they only be guided by the sole aim of making profit but they should be take act ions to ensure the welfare of the society in which they operate. This brings out the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporations acting as citizens of a society in a responsible manner ensuring the well beings of others in the society. The International Standards Organisation (ISO) describes CSR as a balanced approach for organisations to address economic, social and environmental issues in a way that aims to benefit people, community and society (ISO, 2002).1.1 Rationale behind the ResearchCorporate social responsibility has gained widespread attention in most developed countries policies practices are being developed by corporations to abide by standards of environment pollution, use of human capital etc. However in less developed countries this is not a much heard or debated topic. According to Steiner Steiner (2000), In less developed countries there is often no indigenous sense of corporate responsibility. There are a lot of loopholes in the system and business ac tivities are not often concentrated on human/ social welfare. Austin (1990) argues that the extremity and pervasiveness of poverty in less developed countries places a special responsibility on business, as a vehicle for creating economic progress that will help alleviate this deprivation.With developing economies a lot of importance is given to industrial upliftment and that might come at a cost of social welfare or benefit. This research aims to identify the CSR policies and practices being in use in developing countries such as India with a special reference to TATA Nano.India is a developing country which has recorded a growth rate of more than 9% for 3 years upto 2008 and has seen a decade of 7% growth. (www.economicshelp.org accessed on 10th January 2010). In spite of the global economic slowdown is slated to grow at around 7.5% for this year (2010). The rapid growth in economy has increased the standards of living and has created huge disposable income among Indians. The car manufacturers are taking advantage of this huge growth and are coming up with various models to tap into this growing market. TATA one of the most reputed business firms of India have come up with a car called TATA Nano which is slated to be the cheapest car in the world. The price is kept at $2500 which is equivalent to 100,000 INR. The objective behind this to make four wheelers available to every common man in India this is touted to be a very big success. I have my own reservations concerning it what if masses can afford this car, will it not increase the fuel consumption, thereby creating more pollution? Will it not put a huge burden on roads which are already suffering from traffic congestion? This research aims to find out whether TATA is acting in a responsible manner by launching this car.1.2 ObjectivesThe research can be subdivided into four parts1. To identify the state of CSR in developing countries such as India2. To evaluate public awareness concerning issues such as CSR in India3. To evaluate the impact of TATA Nano on environment, traffic congestion, demand for fuel etc4. To suggest a number of ways in which companies in developing countries can develop frameworks to act in a more responsible manner2. Literature ReviewThere are numerous ways to classify the literature on CSR in developing countries i.e. in terms of content (thematic coverage), type (epistemological approach), and level (focus of analysis). The analysis would be done by each way separately2.1 Content ThemeWe would use the same classification as Lockett et al. (2006) did, the CSR literature can be categorized into four CSR themes social, environmental, ethics, and stakeholders. One point that immediately comes to light by applying this categorization to the literature on CSR is that, in contrast to Lockett et al.s (2006) findings that most CSR articles in top management journals focus on ethical and environmental themes, most scholarly work on CSR in developing countries focuses on the social theme. Also social issues are in general given more political, economic, and media coverage in developing countries than environmental, ethical, or stakeholder issues (Schmidheiny, 2006).2.2 Knowledge TypeLockett et al. (2006) had also classified the CSR literature by knowledge type. He found even split between theoretical and empirical research. Lockett et al. (2006) found that 89% of theoretical CSR papers are non-normative, in the CSR in developing countries literature, the balance is far more evenly split. This is mainly because relatively large number of papers on the role of business in development tends to adopt a normative, critical perspective (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). Also if we see empirical research, there are also differences. According to Lockett et al. (2006), the CSR literature is dominated by quantitative methods (80%), while CSR papers on developing countries are more likely to be qualitative. Most research on CSR in developing countries to date has either generalized about all developing countries (e.g. Frynas, 2006), or focused at a national level. In terms of generic literature, Corporate Citizenship in developing countries (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) is a useful compendium, as are special issues on CSR in developing countries that have appeared in the Journal of Corporate Citizenship (issue 24, 2006), International Affairs (81(3), 2005) and Development (47(3), 2004). Despite the focus on countries in the literature, only about a fifth of all developing countries have had any CSR journal articles published on them. Of these, the most commonly analyzed and written about countries are China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, and Thailand. Analysis at a regional level (notably Africa, Asia, and Latin America) is becoming more common, but papers at the sector, corporate, or individual level remain relatively scarce.2.3 GlobalMost of the literature concentrates on CSR in a global context and there is very little empir ical research on the nature and extent of CSR in developing countries. One notable exception is Baskins (2006) research on the reported corporate responsibility behavior of 127 leading companies from 21 emerging markets across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe, which he compares with over 1,700 leading companies in high-income OECD countries. Looking at three generic indicators of CSR, Baskin (2006) finds that emerging market companies have a respectable representation in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and show rising levels of take-up of the Global Reporting Initiative and ISO 14001. Baskin (2006) also showed that emerging markets lag the OECD significantly on reporting on business ethics and equal opportunities, are roughly at par on environmental reporting, and show comparable reporting variance on women on company boards, training and occupational health and safety . Despite the limitations of using reporting as an indicator of CSR performance and t he danger of representing regions by just a few countries (e.g. only two of the 53 countries in Africa were included in the sample), the Baskin (2006) study does provide some insight into the level of CSR activity in developing countries, concluding thatthere is not a vast difference in the approach to reported corporate responsibility between leading companies in high income OECD countries and their emerging-market peers. Nonetheless, corporate responsibility in emerging markets, while more extensive than commonly believed, is less embedded in corporate strategies, less pervasive and less politically rooted than in most high-income OECD countries (p. 46).2.4 RegionalAsiaMajor coverage of the Asia in the field of CSR often focus on China (e.g. Zhuang and Wheale, 2004), India (e.g. Balasubramanian et al., 2005), Indonesia (e.g. Blowfield, 2004), Malaysia (e.g. Zulkifli and Amran, 2006), Pakistan (e.g. Lund-Thomsen, 2004), and Thailand (e.g. Kaufman et al., 2004). Other countries that have had less attention include Bangladesh (Nielsen, 2005), the Pacific Forum Islands (Prasad, 2004), Sri Lanka (Luken and Stares, 2005), and Vietnam (Prieto-Carron, 2006b). Birch and Moon (2004) noted that CSR performance varies greatly between countries in Asia, with a wide range of CSR issues being tackled (e.g. education, environment, employee welfare) and modes of action (e.g. foundations, volunteering, and partnerships). In one of the survey on CSR reporting in Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) find that nearly three quarters of large companies in India present themselves as having CSR policies and practices versus only a quarter in Indonesia and between these two extremes are Thailand (42%), Malaysia (32%), and the Philippines (30%). They also infer from the research that the evolution of CSR in Asia tends to occur in three waves, first being community involvement followed by successive second and third waves of socially responsible production processes and employee relations. I n a comparative survey of CSR in 15 countries across Europe, North America, and Asia, Welford (2005) speculates that the low response rates from countries like Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand may in itself be an indicator of CSR being less prevalent in developing countries. This seems to be borne out by the research findings, in which these countries fairly consistently underperform when compared with developed countries across 20 aspects of CSR measured by the survey.AfricaThe literature on CSR in Africa is predominantly based on South Africa (Visser, 2005a), while other pockets of research exist for Cte DIvoire (e.g. Schrage and Ewing, 2005), Kenya (e.g. Dolan and Opondo, 2005), Nigeria (e.g. Amaeshi et al., 2006), Tanzania (e.g. Egels, 2005), and Mali and Zambia (e.g. Hamann et al., 2005). Very few papers are focused on industry sectors, with traditionally high impact sectors like agriculture (e.g. Blowfield, 2003), mining (e.g. Kapelus, 2002), and petrochemicals (e.g. Acutt et al., 2004) featuring most prominently. Two of the best sources of literature on Africa are Corporate Citizenship in Africa (Visser et al., 2006) and the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Africa (issue 18, summer 2005). The latter concludes that academic institutions and researchers focusing specifically on corporate citizenship in Africa remain few and under-developed (Visser et al., 2005 19). This is confirmed by a review of the CSR literature on Africa between 1995 and 2005 (Visser, 2006a), which found that that only 12 of Africas 53 countries have had any research published in core CSR journals, with 57% of all articles focused on South Africa and 16% on Nigeria. The latter partly reflects the high media profile generated around corporate citizenship issues and the petrochemical sector, especially focused on Shell and their impacts on the Ogoni people (Ite, 2004). Economic and philanthropic aspects of CSR, rather than the legal and ethical responsi bilities, will continue to dominate CSR conceptualization and practice in Africa (Visser, 2007).Corporate social responsibility in South America is not as much covered subject as other underdeveloped countries (Haslam, 2007), the focus has been mainly concentrated on Argentina (e.g. Newell and Muro, 2006), Brazil (e.g. Vivarta and Canela, 2006) and Mexico (e.g. Weyzig, 2006), although Nicaragua (Prieto-Carron, 2006a) and Venezuela (Peindado-Vara, 2006) also feature. De Oliveira in 2006 has noted that the Corporate social responsibility agenda in South America has been heavily influenced by socio-economic and political conditions, which have invariably led to problems like, unemployment, in- equality, and crime. Schmidheiny has in 2006 stated that Corporate social responsibility has ushered a positive effect in South America. The trend towards increasing CSR in the region has been generally upward. For example, Correa et al. has reported in his article in 2004 that by 2004 there were thousand South American companies which were member of organization called EMPRESA (the hemisphere-wide CSR network), another three hundred companies were members of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, also another fourteen hundred had obtained ISO 14001 certification, and one hundred eighteen had signed UN Global Compact.2.5 MotivationsUntil now we have classified the CSR literature on a regional level. To further see the difference between the CSR in developing countries and developed countries we would now isolate motivations for CSR in developing countries, with the help of this we would be able to see why the CSR in developing countries is so unique. Some of the motivations for CSR that I have isolated with the help of literature review are2.5.1 Cultural TraditionThe term CSR has been widely used in western countries and hence there is a widespread believe that CSR is a Western thing but on the contrary there is evidence that CSR in developing countries has been around for centuries and its man pillar has been deep-rooted indigenous cultural traditions of philanthropy and business ethics. An excellent example was given by, Visser and Macintosh in 1998 they have quoted that the ethical condemnation of usurious business practices in developing countries that practice Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity dates back thousands of years. Another example was given by Frynas (2006) business practices based on moral principles were advocated by the Indian statesman and philosopher Kautilya in the 4th century BC. If we take South American context, Sanborn (2002), quoted in Logsdon et al. (2006) that varied traditions of community self-help and solidarity stretch back to the regions pre-Hispanic cultures, and include the mutual aid societies, trade unions and professional associations that emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Logsdon et al.s (2006) stated that One myth is that CSR in Mexico is new, another is that US firms brough t CSR to Mexico, and a third is that CSR as practised by Mexican firms simply reflects the CSR patterns and activities of US firms. Even if we take CSR for more modern times I have found that it was heavily influenced by local culture, Vivess (2006) had conducted survey of over 1,300 enterprises in South America, his findings were that the regions religious beliefs are one of the major motivations for CSR. Also Nelson (2004) founded that Buddhist traditions in Asia are aligned with CSR. Also for Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) had reached a same conclusion, that CSR does vary considerably among Asian countries but that this variation is not explained by levels of development but by factors in the respective national business systems, this was consistent with Birch and Moons (2004) finding in his paper for the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Asia. If we take African the findings are same, Amaeshi et al. (2006) found that CSR in Nigeria is heavily influenced by local socio-cultural influences like communalism, ethnic religious beliefs, and charitable traditions.2.5.2 Political UpheavalCSR in developing countries are heavily influenced by the social and political reforms, which drives business behavior towards integrating social and ethical issues. De Oliveira (2006) has argued that the political and associated social and economic changes in Latin America since the 1980s, including democratization, liberalization, and privatization, have shifted the role of business towards taking greater responsibility for social and environmental issues. A recent example can be the case of South Africa, the political changes towards democracy and end of decades of apartheid have been a significant driver for CSR, through the practice of improved corporate governance (Roussouw et al., 2002), collective business action for social upliftment (Fourie and Eloff, 2005) has led to black economic empowerment (Fig, 2005), and business ethics (Malan, 2005). Visser (2005a) lists more than a dozen examples of socio-economic, environmental, and labor-related legislative reform in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 that have a direct bearing on CSR. Another excellent example can be given of many central and eastern European countries which have been recently inducted into European Union, these countries have now shifted towards CSR .(Baskin, 2006).2.5.3 Social and Economic ConditionsIt is often said that the CSR in developing countries is directly shaped by the social conditions and economic environment present in the country in which firms operate and the development priorities this creates. Amaeshi et al. (2006), had argued that CSR in Nigeria is specifically aimed at addressing the socio-economic development challenges of the country, including poverty alleviation, health-care provision, infrastructure development, and education. This, they argue, stands in stark contrast to many Western CSR priorities such as consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, or socially responsible investments. Schmidheiny (2006) had questioned the appropriateness of foreign CSR approaches, citing examples from South America, where the most important issues like poverty, illiteracy, crime and tax avoidance are not included in the CSR conceptions in developed countries, but if we consider locally developed CSR approaches, then they are most likely to respond to the many local social and environmental problems, such as deforestation, unemployment, income inequality, and crime (De Oliveira, 2006).2.5.4 Poor GovernanceCSR can be seen as a form of private or self governance or a response to poor governance (Levy and Kaplan, Chapter 19). A particular important aspect of the CSR for developing countries is the fact it is often seen as a way to plug the gaps left by weak, corrupt, or under-resourced governments that fail to adequately provide various social services. Furthermore, as many developing country government in itiatives to improve living conditions falter, proponents of CSR and bottom of the pyramid strategies argue that companies can assume this role. Such proponents of CSR, Blowfield and Frynas (2005) observe, an alternative to government which is frequently advocated as a means of filling gaps in governance that have arisen with the acceleration of liberal economic globalization. A survey was conducted by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD 2000) in their report they illustrated that, when asked how CSR should be defined, peoples in Ghana stressed building local capacity and filling in when government falls short. Moon (2002a) in his paper has argued that, this phenomenon is part of a broader political shift towards new governance or alternate governance approaches, here the local governments are trying to share responsibilities and to develop more effective modes of operation, the reason may be result of overload or of a view that they do not have a monopoly of s olutions for society. This is often in the form of social partnerships with non-profit and for-profit organizations. Moon et al. (2005) has cited this phenomenon as an example of companies acting in a civic republicanism mode. In addition to being encouraged to step in where once only governments acted, through the mechanism of either privatization or welfare reform, Matten and Crane (2005) also suggest that companies enter the arena of citizenship where government has not as yet administered citizenship rights, for example, improving working conditions in sweatshops, ensuring for employees a living wage, and financing the schooling of child laborers in the absence of legislation requiring this. However, this approach is not without its share of criticism ,Hamann et al. (2005) had argued that CSR is not adequate response to these governance gaps and that more proactive steps involving local government towards accountability and inclusiveness is necessary. Blowfield and Frynas (2005) had questioned the very logic Is CSR a stepping-stone on the path to better national regulation in developing countries? Or is it part of a longer term project for overcoming the weaknesses of territorially prescribed judicial and welfare mechanisms that is, addressing the limitations of the nation-state in regulating a global economy? There are also serious questions about the dependencies this governance gap approach to CSR creates, especially where communities become reliant for their social services on companies whose primary accountability is to their shareholders. Hence, multinationals may cut expenditure, or disinvest from a region if the economics dictates that they will be more profitable elsewhere. There is also the issue of perceived complicity between governments and companies, as Shell all too painfully experienced in Nigeria (Ite, 2004).2.5.5 Crisis ResponseCrises associated with developing countries have in the past affected CSR responses. These crises can come in th e form of economic, social, environmental, health-related, or industrial accident. An excellent example was quoted by Newell (2005) that the economic crisis in Argentina in 2001-2 marked a significant turning point in CSR, prompting debates about the role of business in poverty alleviation. Another example can be of climate change (Hoffman, 2005) and HIV/AIDS (Dunfee, 2006) these crises have bought CSR in developing countries into lime-light. Catastrophic events with immediate impact are often more likely to elicit CSR responses, especially of the philanthropic kind. The companys quick response to the Asian tsunami is an excellent case (Fernando, 2007). However, companies can also have negative affect like industrial accidents. Examples include Union Carbides response to the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India (Shrivastava, 1995) and Shells response to the hanging of human rights activist Ken Saro-Wiwa in Nigeria in 1995 (Wheeler et al., 2002).2.5.6 Market AccessNot all the intention of t he companies in developing the CSR is for good, some companies may also see these unfulfilled human needs as an untapped market. This can be corroborated from the fact that there lies burgeoning literature on bottom of the pyramid strategies, which refer to business models that focus on turning the four billion poor people in the world into consumers (Prahalad and Hammond, 2002 London and Hart, 2004 Rangan et al., 2007). CSR may be working towards enabling companies in developing countries which are trying to access markets in the developed world. An example in this support can be given from, Baskin (2006), he had identified that competitive advantage in international markets as one of the key drivers for CSR in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, also Arayas (2006) survey of CSR reporting among the top two hundred and fifty companies in South America found that businesses with an international sales orientation were almost five times more likely to report than companies that sell products regionally or locally. This is has become increasingly relevant as more and more companies from developing countries are moving towards globalization and in their effort they need to comply with international stock market listing requirements, including various forms CSR code compliance (Visser, 2005a). The above argument was also stated by Chapple and Moons (2005) study of 7 countries in Asia, which found a strong relationship between international exposure, either in terms of international sales or foreign ownership, and CSR reporting. CSR is also sometimes used as a partnership approach to creating or developing new markets. Another example in support towards this, is the case of , AED and Mark collaboration with Exxon Mobil that has created a viable market for insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Africa, while improving pregnant womens access to these nets, through the delivery of targeted subsidies (Diara et al., 2004). Similalry, ABB used a partnership approach to CSR to deliver a rural electrification project in Tanzania (Egels, 2005).2.5.7International StandardizationThere is a widespread belief that the Western countries has imposed CSR approaches on the global South, but on the contrary there is ample evidence present to suggest that CSR codes and standards are a key driver for CSR in developing countries. For example Baskins (2006) survey of CSR practices in emerging markets has indicated towards growing acceptance rate of ISO 14001 and the Global Reporting Initiatives Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. These codes are now used as a CSR response in sectors that are prevalent in developing countries, such as horticulture (Dolan and Opondo, 2005), cocoa (Schrage and Ewing, 2005), and textiles (Kaufman et al., 2004), as well as some social issues in developing countries, like child labor (Kolk and Van Tulder, 2002) or women in the workplace (Prieto-Carron, 2004). In general it is seen that CSR is driven by standardization imposed by MNCs in striving to achieve global consistency among its subsidiaries and operations in developing countries. For example, Chapple and Moon (2005) found that multinational companies are more likely to adopt CSR than those operating solely in their home country, but that the profile of their CSR tend to reflect the profile of the country of operation rather than the country of origin.2.5.8 Investment IncentivesMultinational companies investments in developing countries are generally linked to the social conditions prevalent in those countries (Gabriel, 1972). Now a day these investments are being screened for CSR performance. In response to this socially responsible investment (SRI) is becoming a major factor CSR in developing countries. Baskin (2006) had noted that approximately 8% of emerging market companies on the Dow Jones World Index is included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, compared with around 13% of high-income companies. In other developing countries, like South Africa, th e SRI trend is well researched (AICC, 2002). The SRI movement in the 1980s had led to the anti-apartheid disinvestment phenomenon, also since 1992, South Africa has introduced twenty SRI funds which track companies social, ethical, and environmental performance (Visser, 2005a). According to research by the African Institute of Corporate Citizenship (AICC) (2002), the size of the South African SRI market in 2001 was already 1.55% of the total investment market. In an another major development, in May 2004, the Johannesburg Securities Exchange had launched its own tradable SRI Index, the first of its kind in an emerging market (Sonnenberg et al., 2004). A similar index was also introduced in Brazil. Closely linked to the literature on SRI in developing countries is the debate about the business case for CSR. Very few instrumental studies have been done, a survey done in Thailand by Connelly and Limpaphayom (2004) had showed that environmental reporting had not negatively impacted on s hort-term profitability and has in fact generated a positive relationship with firm valuation. More generally, a report by Sustainability (2002) uses case studies to illustrate various business benefits associated with addressing sustainability in developing countries. Furthermore, Goyal (2006) contends that CSR may serve as a signaling device for developing countries seeking to assess foreign direct investment proposals by unknown foreign firms.2.5.9 StakeholdersIn general the governmental has not got strong control or prohibitive laws over the social, ethical, and environmental performance of companies in developing countries, hence in its absence activism by stake- holder groups has become major source of CSR. Lund-Thomsen (2004) had described describes this as an outcome of micro-level struggles between companies and communities over the distribution of social and environmental hazards which are created when global political and economic forces interact with local contexts aroun d the world. In research it was found that there are mainly four kinds of groups namely development agencies (Jenkins, 2005), trade unions (Kaufman et al., 2004), international NGOs (Christian Aid, 2005), and business associations (WBCSD, 2000) has emerged as the most impotant activists for CSR. These four groups had also provided a support for local NGOs. Another goup has also emerged in recent times namely media, it has also emerged as a key supporter for promoting CSR in developing countries (Vivarta and Canela, 2006). Activism by these groups in developing countries has taken various forms, which was classified by Newell (2001) as civil regulation, litigation against companies, and international legal instruments. Of these, civil regulation is perhaps the most common and effective. Bendell (2000) describes this as the theory that businesses are being regulated by civil society, through the dual effect of negative impacts from conflict and benefits from collaboration which provid es new means for people to hold companies accountable, thereby democratising the economy directly. There are numerous examples of civil regulation in action in the developing world of which South Africa is a rather striking case in point (Visser, 2005a). This has manifested itself mainly through community groups challenging companies over whether they are upholding the constitutional rights of citizens. Various land mark cases between 1994 and 2004 suggest that, although civil society still tends to lack capacity and resources in South Africa, this has been an effective strategy. Stakeholder activism has also taken a constructive approach towards encouraging CSR, through groups like the National Business Initiative and partnerships between business and NGOs. Stakeholder activism can also be a source of criticism of CSR, arguing that it is an inadequate response to the social and environmental challenges of developing countries. The Christian Aid (2005) report Behind the Mask The Rea l Face of Corporate Social Responsibility epitomizes this critical approach, and may be a driver for an enlarged conception and practice of CSR in developing countries.2.5.10 Supply Chain ManagementAnother